Readings

Rutkoff, Peter M., and William B. Scott. Fly Away: The Great African American CulturalMigrations. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 2010. Print.

Hamermesh, Daniel S., and Frank D. Bean. Help or Hindrance?: The Economic Implications of Immigration for African Americans. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1998. Print.

Purcell, L. Edward. Immigration. Phoenix, AZ: Oryx, 1995. Print.

Phillips, Kimberley L. Daily Life During: African American Migrations. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood, 2012. Print.

Berlin, Ira. The Making of African America: The Four Great Migrations. New York: Viking, 2010. Print.

Shulman, Steven. The Impact of Immigration on African Americans. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 2004. Print.

Arthur, John A. Invisible Sojourners: African Immigrant Diaspora in the United States. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2000. Print.

Aarim-Heriot, Najia. Chinese Immigrants, African Americans, and Racial Anxiety in the United States, 1848-82. Urbana: University of Illinois, 2003. Print.

Arthur, John A. African Women Immigrants in the United States: Crossing Transnational Borders. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. Print.

Pettigrew, Thomas F. Racial Discrimination in the United States. New York: Harper & Row, 1975. Print.

Black Immigration and Ethnicity in the United States: An Annotated Bibliography. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1985. Print.

Bean, Frank D., and Stephanie Bell-Rose. Immigration and Opportunity: Race, Ethnicity, and Employment in the UnitedStates. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1999. Print.