Category Archives: Manhattan

Like a Virgin: More Than Just Another Dance Album

Like a Virgin Album Cover

The 1980s was a decade that changed music forever. The introduction of synthesizers and drum machines paved an infinite path for artists to explore and create multiple genres of new music. For example, the use of synths and drum machines in songs was just a small step into the modern world of dance music. Without the emergence of synthesizers and drum machines, dance-pop music would have never been born, and EDM/dubstep/house music would cease to exist. Madonna’s Like a Virgin album incorporated elements of dance-pop along with powerful lyrics that conveyed a very relevant message.

Growing up the sounds of new wave and 80s pop music always filled the family car, since my mother was (and still is) a huge fan of those two genres. Duran Duran, Madonna, INXS, The Cure, and Depeche Mode are just a small number of artists I remember listening to during my elementary school years. The fact that I was familiar with and enjoyed listening to 80s music is one of the driving factors that prompted me to chose Madonna’s Like a Virgin as the album I wanted to write about.

Madonna was born in Bay City, Michigan in 1958, but dropped out of college and moved to New York City at the ripe age of nineteen with only $35 and a dream. After five years of living in the Big Apple and working non-stop to make her dream a reality, Madonna finally got a record deal through Sire Records. Released in July 1983, her first album Madonna proved to be a huge success, setting the bar for dance-pop music with hits like “Lucky Star,” “Borderline,” and “Holiday” that dominated the charts.madonna album cover

Though the album was a success, it was not what Madonna had envisioned. Producer Reggie Lucas did not allow Madonna to give any input on the production of the tracks and did not adhere to her wants and ideas. Consequently, on her second album she wanted to have more creative input and become one of the producers. However, her new label, Warner Bros. did not want her to hold such artistic freedom just yet. She was able to choose her own producer (with the approval of Warner Bros.), Nile Rodgers. Rodgers was part of the disco/funk band Chic in the 70s and produced hits for Duran Duran, Diana Ross, and David Bowie. Madonna knew that she wanted to work with Rodgers because she was in love with his band, and especially loved the single he produced for David Bowie. Bowie’s single had many dance-pop influences, and Madonna wanted similar elements in her album’s tracks.

Madonna Rodgers    Madonna Recording Studio

-Madonna and Rodgers performing “Like a Virgin” together-                   -Madonna in her recording studio-

Dance-pop was a music style that could be played both at dance clubs and on mainstream radio. Its simple beats and uncomplicated strong structure made them easy to dance to at clubs, while catchy melodies and lyrics made it suitable to play on the radio. Many young people enjoyed the nightlife by going to dance clubs and discovering the latest songs to move their bodies to. Even my mother, who was just a freshman in college living in Harrington Park, New Jersey made the journey all the way over to Manhattan to go to a dance club with her friends. She confessed to sneaking out of her aunt’s house at night and taking a bus with her friends to the Village and sneaking into 21+ dance clubs. Palladium Dance Hall, Fat Tuesday’s, The Cat Club, and The Bottom Line are just a few of the most popular night clubs in Lower Manhattan. One of the dance clubs Madonna frequently went to to promote her music was the Danceteria, and was the place that she finally got discovered.

  Madonna DanceteriaDanceteria

-Pics of dancers and Madonna at Danceteria-

Although Like a Virgin was only Madonna’s second album, her drive and dedication to music proved her different from other artists, that were just in it for the money and fame. The need to create her own music and oversee every step of the album’s production showed that she truly wanted to be an artist, not just a singer, and that this album was something that she had a lot of involvement in. Madonna co-wrote 4 of the 9 tracks on Like a Virgin with her former boyfriend Steve Bray, which provided raw and real songs, ones that almost anyone who has been in a failed relationship can relate to. The instrumentals used a lot of synthesizers, fast beats, and funky bass lines which put on a façade that the songs were happy and positive. Still, the lyrics and messages behind many of the songs prove that her music was more than just something to dance to in a night club.

Madonna Bray

The chronology of the tracks in Like a Virgin paints a clear picture of the life of a young woman during the 1980’s in New York City. When listening to the album, you must listen to it in chronological order, or else you won’t be able to see the bigger story that is being told through each subsequent track. It feels like watching a romance movie with many twists and turns throughout the plot. The album starts off with “Material Girl,” which opens up the story for us. What Madonna is telling us is that she would rather be with a man who can provide for her economically, instead of emotionally.

However, on the next track “Angel,” she tells us that she ends up falling in love with someone who is “an angel in disguise.” Then, she goes on in “Like a Virgin” to express her strong love for this person, claiming that she “was beat incomplete…sad and blue but you made me feel…shiny and new.” Though metaphor “like a virgin” is very ambiguous and can be interpreted in different ways, the general message is that Madonna feels new again. Whether that’d be love has a new meaning for her, or that she literally feels like a virgin when being with her lover is open to the listener’s interpretation.

The next track is not so optimistic and sets the mood for the rest of the album. “Over and Over” does not quite qualify as a love song, and its meaning can be applied to almost anyone who is trying to follow their dream, but has someone holding them back. However, the next track “Love Don’t Live Here Anymore,” makes it clear that this person not supporting her is indeed her love interest. It is evident that Madonna is suffering from heartbreak when she sings “you abandoned me, love don’t live here anymore.” Track 6, “Dress You Up,” exemplifies the overt feeling of love when meeting someone new, and wanting to shower them with affection: “Gonna dress you up in my love, in my love//All over your body, all over your body//In my love.” “Shoo-Bee-Doo” brings Madonna back to reality when she starts to notice that her newfound love is not expressing the same feelings as she does. Another turn for the worst is taken in “Pretender.” This man that Madonna was so madly in love with only wanted to have a one-night stand, and tries to console herself by saying “things happened much too fast I should’ve stopped him then, I knew it wouldn’t last.” Finally, the last track “Stay” ends her journey on a bittersweet note, with her first love (introduced in “Angel”) returning back to her. Madonna admits her flaws and mistakes and begs him to stay, to “leave the past behind…you know you’ve got to stay.”

The trials and tribulations someone goes through when in relationships are perfectly embodied throughout Like a Virgin. At first there is this new, exciting feeling of love, but then the smoky honeymoon phase ends. Then begins the arguing, not being able to see eye-to-eye on anything anymore, followed by the breakup. To top it all off is the regret and longing to be with that person again, but ultimately finding someone new and starting the vicious cycle all over.

Innervisions and Urban Decline in 1970s NYC

1975

stevie wondertoo high intro 1

Too High - The Series 1too high 2too high 3

The above pictures are concept pictures I made if the song Too High became a full-fledged TV Show, complete with a title pictures, and a theme song (“Too High”).

(Only a few days after this album was released, Wonder got in a nearly fatal car-crash. Most fans associate this album with that event, and see it as his visions of renewed purpose with the idea of “life is short, do something right”

Simply put, NYC in the 1970s was in absolute chaos. The economy was out of control, leading to an increase in poverty and AIDS because of lack of funding for public, social, and medical services. People desperately turned to drug use, as seen with the rise in heroin. With this, crackdowns and arrests on drugs skyrocketed, mainly in poor African American and Hispanic neighborhoods. This ultimate domino effect of racism with poverty, drug use, and crime drove NYC to a brink where even news outlets today are still calling it the biggest economic crises NYC’s ever experienced.

So how is Stevie Wonder’s 1973 album Innervisions relevant to this situation? It’s simple. Though not written about any city in particular, Innervisions describes life in NYC in the 70s and covers all of the issues previously described. From tracks like “Too High” about drug use to “Living in the City” about racism and poverty in cities, Stevie Wonder captures the issues surrounding NYC. In his first track on Innervisions “Too High”, he talks about how the main character, a woman, “Is living a superficial paradise. She had a chance to make it big once or twice. She wasn’t very nice.”

His anti-drug stance relates to NYC’s drug crisis with heroin, as the city was trying to figure out how to curb it, and whether or not to punish drug addicts. Looking back in time about fifty years ago, NYC wasn’t jailing as many people as it does today, especially not for drugs, with fewer people going to jail and those going receiving lighter sentences. The jump in difference in NYC can be attributed to the Rockefeller drug laws, named after the New York governor who championed them, Governor Rockefeller. Although there was criticism of these rules at first, mainly from drug treatment experts, politicians, and many New York District Attorneys, the rules were quickly adopted by each state.

Racism at this time also had a key connection to these drug busts. The majority of people being put in jail over drug use under the Rockefeller Laws were almost all entirely from African American and Hispanic neighborhoods, when actually many white people were using a lot of drugs and committing crimes. This motif can be seen in Innervision’s track titled “Living in the City” where the main character gets off the bus in New York City after travelling from the south, and is arrested for a drug bust simply because he is African American.

At the time of Innervsions’ release, music in the west differed from years later as it had spawned a rise in a number of different musical genres, such as the increasingly popular disco and funk. Other generations evolved to have a 70s flavor, such as soul, jazz funk, and Motown. Rock also remained very popular throughout the decade, spanning different subgenres like progressive rock, glam rock, art rock and many others. The decade was noted for its contribution to electronic music, with many artists incorporating synthesizers and harmonizers into their music. The genres that Innervisions really draw from are Motown, soul, funk, and jazz. As the 70s evolved from the 60s, Stevie’s career at this point had also grown, as he was no longer the “Little Stevie Wonder,” and released his 16th studio album that showed his ability to question the world around him with realistic passion in each track.

Stevie Wonder’s album Innervisions is a wonderfully fused blend of soul and funk that initially begins with despair but ends with hope. It is a simple human album that says that evil is present but can be changed. Ultimately, this album gives a deeper understanding to NYC and fuses its context with its music in a wonderful blend. This album is a piece of history, representing the musical and societal expression in 1970s NYC. This connection to the past, coupled with its humanistic, empathetic, empowering and story-telling appeal, raises Innervsisions’ quality to bring out the awareness in people and the ability to shows them for what they are, damage to positive life in the city.

Double Fantasy

MHC John Lennon2John Lennon and Yoko Ono’s Double Fantasy (1980) is one of the famous and unforgettable albums that evoke New York City.  The album is supposed to be a special album in celebration of Lennon’s return to the music industry after spending the prior five years raising his son, Sean Lennon. However, it became his posthumous work and his last album, after he was murdered in front of his apartment on December 8, 1980. It happened just after the album was released. It became famous worldwide, in part because of the tragedy, and the album was chosen as the 1981 Album of the Year at the 24th Annual Grammy Awards.

The album is written by both John Lennon and Yoko Ono. Each songs by John and Yoko are composed alternately and it is like a conversation between a man and a woman. In this album, songs written by John sound gentle and sweet, and the more powerful and energetic songs were written by Yoko.

My favorite song from this album is “Woman,” written by John. Generally, it is understood as a romantic song for Yoko. There are also some alternate interpretations of it. For instance, John said that he had written this song to show his respect to Yoko, as he knew how tough and hard it is to raise a child after the five years caring for his son.  Also John had written the song an apology to Yoko for the “Lost Weekend”. John and Yoko had lived separately for a while and he had lived in Los Angeles with May Pang from October 1973 to January 1975. John and Yoko were calling about this period of time as “Lost Weekend” although it is not literally a weekend (Allan Kozinmarch, 2008). These two are really famous interpretation of this song and they are all about John and Yoko. Moreover, this song has deeper meaning for women in this world. There is this lyric, “It’s for your mother, or your sister, anyone of the female race”, which shows us his feminist statement. He also says, “For the other half of the sky,” at the beginning of this song, which refers to women. His thought about women had been changed by Yoko very much and I will explain how Yoko affected John’s thoughts in the next part.

 After Yoko married John in 1969, they started having relationships with avant-garde artists, antiwar movement people and feminists. Her thought was “love and peace”, and also she was a women’s liberationist. She is making many arts related to her thoughts. “Cut peace” is one of her famous and most distinctive art works. This art first staged on July 20, 1964 at Yamaichi Concert Hall, Kyoto. Audiences come on a stage and cut clothes, which Yoko Ono is wearing. Yoko explained it as a pain in her heart. It also showed us how women are passive and discriminated by men. We can understand women’s discrimination was bad at that time through this art. Her book of poem called “grapefruit” is about world peace. She is asking as to “imagine” in this book. As you can assume, this book affects John Lennon very much. This book inspired a song “Imagine” released by John Lennon. When John Lennon recorded this song, he credited only himself, but later he disclosed that the song “Imagine” was inspired by Yoko Ono and written with her . “Woman” on Double Fantasy reveals that Yoko affected John’s thought and changed it very much.

JohnMany immigrants came to New York City to find a new life. However, New York City at the time John and Yoko lived there, in late 1970s to the early 1980s, wasn’t a really an easy place to live in. It was a dirty, bad conditioned and busy city. It’s ironic that these man and woman, who were hoping and working on the world to be peace and full of love, actually lived in New York City where one of the most dangerous place and the worst place to raise children. According to The New York Times, the number of drug abuse by New York’s school children rose very high in the late 1970s to the early 1980s. In 1977, “ A congressional committee on drug abuse found a “very substantial increase” in narcotics use among New York City school children in the last year year and a half “from the seventh grade on up.”” It also says that “the city’s overall narcotics problem had reached a “crisis situation” and the city’s criminal justice system “is in almost total collapse.””

Despite the situation in New York City, John and Yoko decided to move to there and started to raise their son, Sean Lennon, which was challenging for them. This song “Starting Over” is expressing a feeling of getting tired of living in New York City and asking people to get out from this city. You can see it from the lyrics, “Why don’t we take off alone. Take a trip somewhere far, far away”.  Also as the lyrics says “Every day we used to make it love. Why can’t we be making love nice and easy? It’s time to spread our wings and fly. Don’t let another day go by my love. It’ll be just like starting over. Starting over…”.

As I mentioned in the previous paragraph, New York City was one of the highest rate of drug use and crimes. Crimes in New York City related to John Lennon’s death too. He was murdered by his fan in front of his apartment and Yoko Ono was with him. John Lennon and Yoko Ono were living in an apartment, The Dakota, on 72nd St, which is one of the richest and safest place in New York City. Mark David Chapman was one of the most enthusiastic fan of John Lennon until he became a Christian. He actually had a list for murdering, which included some musicians, actors, actresses and politicians. However, he was particularly infatuated by John Lennon. Although, he didn’t have a particular person to kill at first, he decided to kill John because John seemed easier to kill for him. Also when he had heard that John said, “The Beatles are more popular than Jesus”, it triggered and he started preparing to murder John Lennon. This is a tragic irony that a musician who was singing for world peace was killed by his fan.

Suggested Reading

Allan Kozinmarch (2008), A fond look at Lennon’s ‘Lost Weekend, New York Times

Edward C. Burks (1977), House Panel Finds Big Rise in Drug Use by New York’s Schoolchildren, The New York Times

Toshinobu Fukuya (2009), Yoko Ono Lennon, pp 2,5,6

Toshi Ichiyanagi 一柳慧  (2015), Toshi Ichiyanagi 

Blakey and the Black Movement

blalkes

Born during the Harlem Renaissance, Art Blakey was influenced by the political views that dominated African American culture. A professional musician during a period of intense civil rights activism in the US, Blakey produced music that displayed his mastery as an artist over the bebop style. Albums like A Night at Birdland helped propel the Jazz Messengers, a group that nurtured the talents of upcoming musicians. Blakey not only heralded the influential jazz combo, but also led the way to integrating West African culture with the music of his time. Through these activities, Blakey was able to provide commentary on the strides being made for the civil rights of both Africans and African Americans. By the ‘80s, the evolving mainstream had reached a consensus: Art Blakey was easily its long-lived master.

Arthur Blakey first began his musical education in the form of piano lessons, later switching to drums by imitating the styles of Chick Webb and Sid Catlett. Blakey’s childhood reflected the difficult life commonly found in Pittsburgh at the time. His mother died just a few days after he was born and shortly after his father, who was very light skinned, abandoned him to foster care. In an interview with Rosenthal, Blakey states, “My father…never spoke to me or anything. It was a difference between, you know, the races, the prejudice [within] the black race. Mulattos didn’t speak to the blacks; blacks didn’t speak to mulattos.” In fact, Blakey’s school years were filled with episodes of racism. Blakey stated “most of the teachers were white, and most of them were bigots.” He was acutely aware of his African heritage as a child, explaining that he was expelled from school when he presented a report that identified Africa as the site of the first University because teachers accused him of lying. This school report was the origin of an interest in African culture, religion and music that would occupy a significant portion of Blakey’s life.

The Harlem Renaissance began in the 1920s and had a profound effect on Blakey’s early life. He developed a sense of pride in his African heritage and began a journey that would inspire him to create African-inspired jazz in the 1960s. While the Great Migration and development of Harlem were important factors that helped to bring about the Harlem Renaissance, this movement ultimately grew out of political activities of African Americans who were working hard to promote African American civil rights and cultural heritage. African American composers and musicians began to use rhythm, percussion instruments, and unique timbres as a way of including Africa in their music. Blakey’s experiences, influences, and music demonstrated the importance that West African music and culture played in the ongoing development of jazz. As a community, African Americans were able to find a spiritual connection with their cultural heritage by adopting the religion, customs, and music of West Africa.

According to Blakey, his “first real spurt of development occurred during a three-year stint with the Billy Eckstine Band.” In an interview with Art Taylor, Blakey underscores the impact that Eckstine’s band had on him and states, “It was like a school for me and that’s when I realized that we had to have bands for young black musicians. It’s a school and they can train to become musicians and learn how to act like musicians.” This most certainly led to Blakey’s interest in mentoring young musicians. Blakey insisted big band experience was important to musicians because it provided education and what he often described as a “family atmosphere.” He had a policy of encouraging young musicians: as he remarked on-mic during the live session which resulted in the A Night at Birdland albums in 1954: “I’m gonna stay with the youngsters. When these get too old I’ll get some younger ones. Keeps the mind active.”

While not an extremely significant album, A Night at Birdland formalized the establishment of the Messengers and signaled Blakey’s return to music after his stay in Africa. The album featured Art Blakey, Clifford Brown, Lou Donaldson, Horace Silver, and Curly Russell. Later, his Jazz Messenger small groups served as learning grounds for young musicians. As a result, a great many young jazz musicians got their big break with Art Blakey and went on to have successful performance careers of their own.

 

Parallel Lines and Blondie’s Capture of New York City

New York City was booming with different artistic flavors during the 1970’s. There was a lot of artistic expression in all parts of the city, from the Bronx all the way to Brooklyn. During the 1970’s, New York City was dirty, grimy and poverty stricken; crime and bankruptcy rattled the Blondie_-_Parallel_Linescity and no place was safe. However, that never stopped the voice that people had, it wasn’t the glorified happy beat of disco; it was the harsh vocals and guitar riffs of punk rock. A lot of the bands never made it to the big times, but that did not discourage people from trying and one in particular, Blondie, made their hit album based on New York City. Blondie was a unique band that encapsulated the spirit of New York and brought something new to mainstream music.

Blondie was originally an underground band that was only known by a small group of punk lovers. They wished to make it to the big times and play for larger audiences, but their sound faced many challengers such as disco. After the release of their third album, Parallel Lines, they sprung into success and escaped from their little world. Their album was inspired by the New York spirit, scene and the neighborhoods surrounding them.

Originally starting out as a punk band, Blondie only performed in small clubs. The Cavern and CBGB’s were their spots and they shared these with the Ramones and other well known bands at the time. Interestingly, CBGB stood for Country Bluegrass and Blues. The owner, Hilly Kristal, took a bet and allowed a rock band called Television to perform in his club, but they weren’t just any rock band they were original. Their sound was like a riot, so much noise and harsh lyrics with off tune vocals. Kristal was skeptical at first, but soon enough, his club became the most famous rock club on the planet.

These rock bands were different from the mainstream disco scene. Disco had a repetitive beat and a usually happy kind of feel to it, in addition to, the singers were usually dressed well with eye popping colors. For rockers, it was the complete opposite. Rock bands had a hoodlum kind of feel to their clothing; a simple t-shirt, ripped jeans and short platinum blond hair. This difference allowed a small group of people to enjoy themselves with their unique taste of music. Punk and rock bands were usually raw in their lyrics and vocals, not everything needed to be crystal clear. Moreover, the instrumentals were usually had an aggressive edge to them. This type of scene is where Blondie’s career sprouted.

Although they were liked by their peers and fans, no one thought the band was going to make it make it big time. The clubs were usually filled with other bands and their significant others. The community was small and not very known. CBGB’s only got a little more flare in the mid 1970’s when Danny Fields wrote about the club for SoHo Weekly News. When Blondie performed more frequently, they were discovered by Chrysalis Records and what raised them to stardom was when they worked with producer Mike Chapman.

They were all true New Yorkers and captured the style and sound of their surroundings. For instance, Debbie Harry would like to walk down her block once in a while to absorb the character and spirit of her neighborhood. They appreciated the grime and grit of the place. A lot of vivid memories were made in this area and it is presented in their album. There were a lot of different artists that roamed the streets of New York from fashion designers to photographers to rising stars. They were all gathered in this crumbling neighborhood to try and make it to the big time. New York City was a rundown and poor area that many flooded into, which gave it it’s rich diversity. The different characters, styles, and attitude that made up New York City was embraced by the band and they incorporated it into their sound.

During the 1970’s, New York City was a dying society. The crime rate was escalating, people were scared and everything was cheap. Drugs were freely traded on the Lower East Side. For instance, heroin could be scored easily from dilapidated storefronts and apartment buildings. The mayor at the time, Abe Beame, tried to appeal to the government to bail the city out of its bankruptcy, but the President refused. President Ford allowed the market forces to have their way and the Daily News made a headline that read: Ford to City: Drop Dead. Many artists lived on the Lower East Side and Greenwich Village because the rent was cheap. Furthermore, this environment allowed people to be creative and touch their inner thoughts about the society. Because of the turmoil that was occurring in the city. Times Square was filled with crime and every corner made one feel unease. Dead bodies were not concealed but the city was filled with life. The area was full of menace and harsh reality and that scene was depicted in many different art forms.

Music was an outlet and the lyrics that were spoken was a poem that had true meaning and thought. They were both part of the underground scene becauseblondie1 what the rest of the world was listening to was mostly disco. However, all the genres strived in different parts of New York City. Blondie was one the only bands that made it to stardom from the underground scene. They knew they made it because their original fans started to despise what they became.

When Mike Chapman produced their album, he saw great potential in the band because of all the talent that illuminated from them, especially Debbie. Debbie Harry was a strong woman that was not only beautiful but also had a punk attitude that inspired many others later on. Her voice was harsh and identifiable the moment one would hear it. She also had a certain way of singing. She wasn’t always in tune and she didn’t need to be, sometimes she would scream out her lyrics more, but that added to the emotion of her songs. Even though Chapman made it so that the album was a pop album, he incorporated a lot of different genres into this album and still held the spirit of New York City.

Debbie was never shy about her attitude and expressed it not only in her shows but also her music videos. She proved herself to not only be a bleached blonde girl that had good looks. She embraced and used her sexuality to her advantage wBlondie_-_Picture_Thishich allowed the band to have its unique style. She designed her own outfits and embraced the simplicity of the punk rock scene. Her clothes were usually more toward a casual sexy. In addition, the lyrics were explicit and unforgiving just like New York. A good example would be Picture This when Debbie says “All I want is a room with view, oh-oh/ I will give you my finest hour/The one I spent watching you shower.” In addition to the lyrics, the different beats and sounds from their instruments really embrace the busy and frustrating nature of the city.

Debbie Harry was a unique person and her attitude was incorporated in her style. Her strong emotions were able to show through her music. For instance, her song One Way or Another was based off of one of her ex-boyfriend’s that would stalk her. Her live performances and strong vocals captured the audience. It’s strong messages and her presentation of the song shows them to be very New York. However, it wasn’t only because of her did the band make it to the big times, her guitarists and drummer also played parts into it. For instance, Gary Valentine also contributed to some of the songs on the album, he wrote them. Jimmy Destri made the base sound for their hit song One Way or Another. These people put their own lives into their music which was what it so original. They were songwriters and singers that poured their memories and experiences of the city into their music. This explains why their lyrics capture the audience.

With Debbie’s presentation and sometimes sing-song voice, it was baffling to hear such crude words at times. For instance, their disco song, Heart of Glass was just that. When you hear it, it has a happy and upbeat tone, but then as she sings in a sort of lullaby voice, and one may drown the real words that she says. “Once I had a love and it was a gas/ soon turned out I had a heart of glass… lost inside adorable illusion and I cannot hide/ I’m the one you’re using please don’t push me aside.” Her voice sugar coats the sadness and aggression that is presented in the lyrics.

Blondie as a band is New York in the 1970’s. They capture a lot of the sounds and spirit that was presented to them in the city at the time. Their unique styles and attitudes melded together to make their biggest album which captured a lot of what the city had to offer. This made them into a big success that is still being mention to this day.

Suggested Reading

Blondie’s New York and the Making of Parallel Lines. Dir. Alan Ravenscroft. Perf. Roberta Bayley, Andrew Bolton, Clem Burke. BBC Documentaries, n.d. Web.

Fletcher, Tony. All Hopped up and Ready to Go: Music from the Streets of New York, 1927-77. New York: W.W. Norton, 2009. Print.

 

West Side Story = Timeless

In 1949, Jerome Robbins first approached Leonard Bernstein and Arthur Laurents with the idea of a modern day Romeo and Juliet, but with an Irish Catholic Romeo and Jewish Juliet, living on the Lower East Side of Manhattan. After drafting it, the trio shelved the idea for almost five years before restarting. In 1955, they picked it up again, changing the focus of the musical to what it became, a decision which Bernstein immediately fell into, saying that he “felt the form”. This form became one of America’s most beloved musicals, West Side Story, a story about a white Romeo, a Puerto Rican Juliet, and two rivaling gangs.

Aside from just the music itself, the lyrics to the songs are witty, well thought out, and honest. Maria and Tony’s songs are romantic and brimming with hope and love – everything they sing about reaches beyond the petty disagreements between the competing gangs, and they truly cannot imagine their tragic fate. “America”, sung by the Shark girls, is a clever debate of the pros and cons of living in America and of their past lives in Puerto Rico. Even in the funny “Gee, Officer Krumpke”, the lyrics capture the speech, as well as the misunderstanding and overall insecurity the boys feel about where they are in life. West Side Story is so great because uses the outline of the Romeo and Juliet story as a commentary on gang violence between whites and Hispanics in NYC in the 1950s. Obviously, a show full of love ballads between Maria and Tony wouldn’t be so exciting nor as powerful or inspiring.

OBC (“Maria” & “Tonight”)

And gang violence was not a random change of direction for this modern retelling of the classic story. This was a problem prevalent in the 1950s and inspired the writers to tell this story. The 1950s brought an era of youth gang violence to big cities, including New York City. Though less cohesive than earlier gangs, these groups were clearly more violent. The New York City Youth Board, which tried to prevent and control gangs, defined characteristics that the gangs possessed, including that gang behavior was “normal” for these youths. The gangs were cohesive and had defined roles and organized warfare. Further research with the Morningside Heights Gang Project from 1953 through 1959 disproved that as an overall trend and defined different types of gangs, still prevalent today in one form or another. Delinquent gangs in the 1950s were primarily in order to perform illegal acts and social interaction was secondary. Today, these groups are known to be the most “corporate” of gangs and tend to be involved in the drug trade. These gangs are violent in order to obtain what they want. Violent gangs, on the other hand, were organized for violent activities and the emotional gratification that came with it. These were the primary gangs of the 1950s, though they still continue today and was a place for youths who did not fit in with larger society; they were groups with a flexible structure, which easily adapted to feed the emotional desires of its members. The last group, social gangs, were relatively permanent and cohesive organizations of members with intimate relationships.

But why was a 1950s musical revived in 2009? A show is only successfully revived on Broadway when the issues it addresses are again relevant in the present, and gang violence is a continuing issue in today’s society. Actually, gang violence is even more prevalent today than in the past. In 2015, gang shootings made up more than half of all shootings in NYC. Between 2014 and 2015,

cast
OBC – 1957 (top) Revival Cast – 2009 (bottom)

the murders in the city increased 5.5% and gangs are responsible for 40% of them. Another widespread problem amongst gangs is the danger that family and loved ones, as well as other nonaffiliated victims, are placed in by gang violence. Gangs will target the family members of rival gangs and will harm whoever is in the way of gang warfare. Kids particularly are affected by posttraumatic stress disorder caused by gang violence and worrying about the welfare of friends and family members. Like in the 1950s, these rivalries between gangs are over turf, though they are more heated and violent than in the past. Gang membership is relatively mixed race, though it is usually dictated by the populations of groups in state prisons and by highest state ethnic populations.

The trend amongst gang members in the past and present is that they tend to come from poorer and underprivileged areas and families. Though the police continue to make strides in shutting down these gangs, new groups are always appearing and are always capable of becoming violent, a problem more prevalent today than in the 1950s. Gangs today have a reputation for violence and murder, rather than petty crime and family-like groups. The worst case scenario depicted in West Side Story is a reality often seen in the news today, and this show serves as a reminder that at any time, gang tension is likely to erupt into violence.

The praise of West Side Story carried over to the present day. Though the ensemble acting in the new cast is not as praised as the rough around the edges original cast, having parts of the score rewritten in the native tongue of the Sharks, adds the grittiness that the mid-twentieth century did not allow, says Laurents, director of the revival. The cast did not seem to embody the characters as the original cast did and the revival performers had the polished professionalism that the original cast lacked but made for an authentic performance, the leading actors received praise for their performances and were accredited to adding new dimensions to the characters. Musically, Lin Manuel Miranda’s translations furthered the separation between the feuding gangs in the show, adding to the authenticity of the show, but also bothering some older (not as open) theatregoers, which is to be expected. This shows some success to these changes. If the audience was so bothered by it, so uncomfortable with it, the performance was obviously getting its point across. It is a show about the dangers of not accepting cultural differences, yet even a modern audience seems to struggle realizing this. The revival is praised as proving that the play is timeless, and the changes – the deepening and darkening of the show – only improves the original work.

Revival Cast (“Tonight”)

Sondheim wrote a letter to Bernstein in which he said, “West Side Story is as big a step forward for you as it is for Jerry or Arthur or even me and, in an odd way, I feel proud of you. May West Side Story mean as much to the theater and to people who see it as it has to us.” Little did he know that West Side Story would leave the legacy that it did on the theatre community and on the world. This is theatre’s goal – to leave a mark on its audience – and West Side Story still has an impact today. Its score embodies the heart and soul of the work as a whole, and that is why it stands on a pedestal as an album encompassing New York City as a whole.

Original Playbill - 1957 (left) Revival Playbill - 2009 (right)
Original Playbill – 1957 (left) Revival Playbill – 2009 (right)

The Strokes’ Is This It?

The Strokes have been greatly credited for helping with the revival of rock n’ roll. They were able to break through mainstream music and bring back what people had lost in the 90s. The rise in technology overshadowed the creativity and effort
that went into making underground music, which is what made rock n’ rll so special and unique. With people no
longer buying music and piracy increasing, rock n’ roll inevitably died off and was only resurrected when the Strokes made their official debut in 2001. However, the Strokes were able to surpass this rise in technology and create analbum that defined modern-day rock n’ roll, even in th1361182016_is_this_ite wake of the September 11 attacks. The Strokes was able to bring this back with their garage-sound and deep connection with a specific group of young people, especially in New York City.

Is This It? was the Strokes’ debut album and was released in the United States on October 9, 2001. The band, created in NYC in 1998 and consisting of Julian Casablancas, Albert Hammond Jr., Nick Valensi, Fabrizio Moretti, and Nikolai Fraiture, created an album that quickly spread across the country, especially with the youth. This album is composed of 9 relatively short songs that talk about their lives in New York City. They frequently mention drugs, sex, violence, and even make fun of NYC cops in one of their songs. However, even though the album did not reach the success that the band had hoped for, it touched the younger population that did listen to their music, especially those who were part of a certain
upper middle class that had the money to do all of these things and not have any responsibility. This album left  a deep impression on these privileged teens , and was credited for reviving rock n’ roll (Garrett). The youth was going through a time of not wanting to conform to society and instead relied on their friends, drugs, and a carefree lifestyle. Is This It? perfectly captured what the youth was feeling. Even though the title of the album is very vague, the Strokes described it as being “deep without being pretetstkntious” (genius.com). The youth didn’t know what was in their future, they didn’t know what was going to happen to them, and they didn’t know what they wanted to do with their lives. However, once they did wind up doing something, the outcomes usually had them wondering, is this it? Is this all that they got for their efforts? Was life just about doing drugs and hanging out with friends? These feelings are superbly expressed in this album. However, this album really resonated with this specific group of young adults. Most kids who did not have money had to work and didn’t have time to live a carefree life and spend money carelessly on drugs and alcohol. However, this album did indeed changed rock n’ roll and brought back what had been lost in the music industry, especially with the rise in hip hop, which overshadowed rock n’ roll.

The reason I chose this album is quite simple: I had never heard any of the albums on the list and a classmate recommended the Strokes, so I chose them. And after completing this assignment, I can gladly say that I am ridiculously happy with my choice. I thought that I would hate this album because the only music I listen to is Korean pop music. I have slowly become more and more detached from American music and culture that I found it very hard to feel in any way excited about this assignment. But what do you know? I ended up downloading this entire album and listening to it over 10 times in one day. The Strokes have a very interesting and catchy sound. Their music sounds like that of a wannabe rock n’ roll band composed of teenagers playing in a tiny garage, except the difference between them and The Strokes is that the latter actually became stars. Their sound is like that of the overdone 2000s movie where a group of high school kids got together after school to go play some tunes, and their lyrics were written about their everyday experiences, complaints and rebellion against society. They turned this garage sound into modern rock n’ roll that encompassed the lives of teenagers and young adults growing up in a world where they were void of responsibilities and filled with the pleasures of drugs and recklessness. “They brought with them a certain post-millennial ennui, a quintessentially New York sense of detachment, an impression that they were way too cool to care about anything very much” (Hawking). The Strokes’ producer, Gordon Raphael even said “I recorded Is This It? with one microphone for the voice and one for the snare drum: everything minimal. It wasn’t sonically perfect, but it had some magic and emotion that was missing in the big studio stuff other bands were doing.” This particular sound, as if Casablancas was singlargeing into a muffled mic and the instruments, or lack thereof, is what gives the Strokes their uniqueness. This minimalist and effortless sound is was resonated so much with the youth and why the Strokes and this album is considered an essential part of New York City and truly demonstrates what living in the city is about.

The title track “Is This It?” shows the feeling of the youth at the time. This song is very vague and gives off a carefree vibe that characterized life in the city. The constant repetition of “is this it?” demonstrates what was mentioned before: this feeling of being lost in the world and not being satisfied with the results of one’s efforts. Life was full of happiness and recklessness which can be seen in the second song of the album, “The Modern Age.” The pre-chorus of this song says “Oh in the sun shine having fun, it’s in my blood / I just can’t help it.” I feel as though this is something very typical for teenagers and young adults. They just want to have fun and live their lives without having to care about anything. The guitar riff makes me want to jam out to the song whenever I listen to it, and even though I am still young, it makes me feel younger somehow and more carefree than I usually am.

“New York City Cops” is also worth mentioning. This song was originally a B side track for “Hard to Explain.” However, it was replaced by “When It Started” for the American release because of the one line that said “New York City cops/ But they ain’t too smart.” The album was supposed to be released on September 25, 2001, but was delayed because of the 9/11 attacks, and this line was changed in order to pay respects to those who lost their lives that day. “New York City Cops” is a really fun song that talks about constantly being on the run from cops and trying to hide drugs. And the one line that was scrapped, “New York City cops/ But they ain’t too smart,” showed how these privileged kids felt about the authority; the cops were easy to fool and easy to run away from.

“Hard to Explain” was the Strokes’ first song ever released and is one of the best songs, if not the best, on the album. The chorus  could not resonate more with the youth at the time:

I missed the last bus

I’ll take the next train

I’ll try, but you see

It’s hard to explain

I say the right thing

But act the wrong way

I like it right here

But I cannot stay

I’m watching TV

Forget what I’m told

Well, I am too young

And they are too old.

The chorus shows how the youth was feeling at the time. They try to do the right thing, or they try to do what old people want, but sometimes, or most of the time, things don’t go their way. It’s hard to explain the complexity and laziness of the generation. It’s not that they purposely mess up what they are told to do or what they are supposed to do, but they simply forgot what they were told, or were watching TV, or just missed the last bus.

Even though I have only mentioned the most notable songs on the album, the entire album is perfection, in my opinion. An album reviewer, Splawski, perfectly described this album when he said, “Everything sounds concise, relentlessly conscientious of itself. Such a level of perfection, where everything just falls into place, is quite rare to find in the music world, and even more rare to repeat, as the current state of this band repeatedly reminds us.” This rareness is what makes the Strokes and Is This It? such a unique experience when you first listen to it, and it creates a lasting impression even after hearing it on multiple occasions.

Even though they did not experience the success that they had with their first album, their sound still impacts music today. It is such a strange sound that it is very hard to describe. Their musithe_strokes_2c isn’t just indie or just rock, it’s a mix of both that had never been seen. Their producer Raphael, put this feeling into words when he said “Julian had so many ideas – and a freakishly controlled concept of rhythm and timing. Even when he’d drunk 13 beers and was asleep on the couch, one eye would open and he’d go: ‘The hi-hat’s not right.’ He was a master of the cryptic instruction. He’d say: ‘This song, can you loosen its tie a little?’ He wanted his voice to sound ‘like your favourite blue jeans – not totally destroyed, but worn-in, comfortable’.” This bizarre way of writing lyrics and creating music is evident in all of the songs in the album. Many of the lines are very vague yet specific at the same time. It’s as if one can understand what Casablancas was singing about, yet at the same time was confused, which is why this album is so unique and really captures New York City. This is also why even though they were a one album wonder, they still greatly influence the face of rock n’ roll even in the present, and will continue to do so.

There is a love for the wildness and grandness of New York City, but there is also a hatred for the hecticness and craziness that is a result of living in an area where cultures and civilizations are constantly clashing and where it’s hard to find an identity and a place. Even though technology had risen beyond anyone’s control, the Strokes were somehow able to make it through all of these obstacles and reconnect people with what was lost. They brought back the underground vibe and garage-sound that allowed people to connect with them like they had with the small bands of the 70s and 80s that truly encompassed rock n’ roll. All of these things are poetically, mysteriously, and effortlessly encapsulated in the Strokes’ Is This It? Which is why it’s the most New York album that could possibly exist.

SUGGESTED READING

Clark, Taylor. “The Strokes’ Is This It: Why It’s the Best Album of the Past Decade.” Slate Magazine. 10 Oct. 2011. Web. 02 May 2016.

Garrett, Jonathan. “This Is It: Ten Years of the Strokes.” This Is It: Ten Years of the Strokes. 11 Mar. 2011. Web. 14 Mar. 2016.

Robinson, John. “Interview: The Strokes.” The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 27 June 2001. Web. 14 Mar. 2016.

 

 

The Freewheelin’ Bob Dylan

I remember my first real taste of Bob Dylan. My final year of high school saw me extremely anxious and desperate to see an end to its cyclic, repetitive nature. On a rainy day in October, out of sheer impulse, I decided it far more reasonable to visit the Met and wander about the East Side than to sit in a classroom for seven hours. The seemingly out of place emptiness of the rainy city eerily reflected my inner feelings, and as I sat emotionally drained at a Two Boots’ Pizza off of Lexington, I heard the electric bluesy “Ballad of a Thin Man” and was instantly mystified by its wit and obscurity. Dylan, to me, will always represent a sense of nostalgia and despondency, but his music arguably embodies so much more than that. As a folksy songwriter who came into his own in an era of social unrest, Dylan’s legacy lies in his political commentary and sense of surrealist humor. Dylan’s artistry not only shaped the folk scene of the West Side, his music proved to be instrumental in contributing to the narrative of the political, left-wing activism that resisted war, greed, and civil inequalities during the 60s.

Bob Dylan pictured in 1963.

Bob Dylan is an artist memorialized by his distinct and various musical sounds, by his sharp wit and mysteriously crafted persona, and by his constant breaking of boundaries, for well over the course of half a century. At the start of his revolutionary career lies a humbler Dylan with a keen, young voice that sings of rejection towards a retrogressive government. The West Village’s Bob Dylan was born the far less glamorous Robert Allen Zimmerman in Minnesota. Nearly twenty years later, Dylan skipped town and moved in with his girlfriend, Suze Rotolo, and her radical left-wing parents in New York City. Dylan’s intention in moving to the city, other than to launch a career, was to meet his musical hero, folk artist Woody Guthrie, whose music he applauded as having “the infinite sweep of humanity in them.” Guthrie, to Dylan, “was the true voice of the American spirit” and he longed to become “Guthrie’s greatest disciple.” As Dylan began to establish a name for himself by playing small gigs in the West Village, particularly at local club Cafe Wha?, he visited Guthrie in the hospital, fulfilling his goal to meet and establish a relationship with the folk icon. New York proved to facilitate Dylan’s goals even further when he was signed to Columbia Records and produced his first album, a self-titled collection of mostly covers and two original songs. Bob Dylan was far from a hit, selling only 5,000 copies in its first year, but his unique sound and quirk drew the attention of many. His 1963 sophomore album, The Freewheelin’ Bob Dylan,  proved to be a far more successful, selling 10,000 copies per month.

Cafe Wha? pictured in 2016, located on Macdougal St in the West Village.
Album art featuring Bob Dylan and Suze Rotolo on Jones St and West 4th St.
Recreated album art featuring Julia Brennan and Zoe Fanzo (on the same street, five decades later).

The Freewheelin’ Bob Dylan, as most folk music of the time, was a response to civil unrest and injustices, heavy in the mind of Dylan. His youthful perspective on the relevant issues of the day resonated with Americans to an unexpected and unprecedented extent. Folk, far from mainstream and fairly underground at the time, was recalled by NPR as being “completely unlike anything else on the radio, which at the time was dominated by highly produced pop songs.” Folk became a means of political commentary for Dylan, and quickly ascended him to a platform he did not anticipate; “Spokesman of a Generation.” To Dylan, the rapidly accumulating collegiate cult following was not particularly unwelcome, but the rising media presence in his life was entirely detested. Whereas he was passionate about the words he was singing and the music he was playing, his work was exploited by the media and his image distorted. Recalled in his autobiography, “The press never let up. Once in awhile I would have to rise up and offer myself for an interview so they wouldn’t beat the door down. Later an article would hit the streets with the headline ‘Spokesman Denies That He’s A Spokesman.’ I felt like a piece of meat that someone had thrown to the dog.” Despite the nuisance of a media presence, Dylan continued to gain a cult following, segwaying him into a career of cultural complexity.

“Blowin’ in the Wind,” the album’s opening track, is regarded by Rolling Stone as being the 14th greatest song of all time– “Like A Rolling Stone,” a later Dylan piece, being dubbed the absolute greatest and, incidentally, one namesake of the popular music magazine– and the “most famous protest song ever written.” The social impact that “Blowin’ in the Wind” is almost too tremendous to fully grasp so many decades later, but during the Civil Rights Era, it was an anthem. “Blowin’ in the Wind” was covered by an extensive array of artists of all genres, being performed by Peter, Paul, & Mary at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, by Peter Yarrow at the March from Selma to Montgomery, and by Dylan himself at a voter registration rally in Mississippi. To many, the appeal of the song is its ambivalence, its lack of answers. What “Blowin’ in the Wind” offered, oppositely to most topical protest songs of the time, were no absolutes. It did not speak of specifics, it only played upon the emotions and conscious of its audience in order to impose purpose.

Altogether, Freewheelin’ transformed the folk scene, bringing the genre further into the mainstream, as it appealed to young, disillusioned Americans. Dylan essentially brought folk and politically involved youth together, bridging the gap between them. Just as his folk narrative began to take flight, Dylan shifted his sound in the mid-1960s. Dylan, simply put, felt constrained by the folk sound. The widespread association of Dylan with “protest songs” molded him into a one-dimensional artist, something that his creativity would not allow for. Bringing It All Back Home, his 1965 album, incorporated the use of electric instruments, and though it was not entirely electronic, considering “Mr. Tambourine Man” was one of the album’s most popular acoustic tracks, it was rejected by the folk purists who made up a great deal of his fanbase. “Mr. Tambourine Man” was acoustic and reminiscent of the folk genre, but the song itself encapsulated Dylan’s shift in vision; it was not topical, nor was it a protest song. In 1965, at the Newport Folk Festival, which he played two times before to a wholly positive reception, he was booed off stage for deviating from traditional folk. Mojo Magazine recalls, “Dylan had stood music on its head by playing folk-style, writing about politics and making hits. For which many came to depend on him. Then he changed. He got loud and wrote about emotions, relationships, wild things beyond rationality, ideals and good intentions. And so, ‘Judas!'”

[An example of Dylan’s electric sound]

Change was not received lightly by the folk purists, but Dylan’s multi-dimensionality could not be curbed. Nat Hentoff has said of Freewheelin’, “This album, in sum, is the protean Bob Dylan as of the time of the recording. By the next recording, there will be more new songs and insights and experiences.” The heavily political album was a direct reaction to the time it was created, but as he began to feel the pressure of being labeled the “Spokesman of a Generation,” and as the tides of political unrest grew stronger, a change in style became an inevitability for Dylan. Though Dylan continued to produce what he recognized as protest songs, they became less topical and more vague, angering folk purist fans that he had accumulated with Freewheelin’. As an artist, it was his desire to branch out and avoid being confined, but anti-Vietnam protestors yearned for a more familiar Dylan.

The Freewheelin’ Bob Dylan is important to more than just the civil rights narrative of the 1960s. As Dylan’s first hit album, it launched his name into household recognition and brought a political awareness to a generation of disconnected youth. It single-handedly launched Dylan’s career, and it served as a climactic moment of personal evolution. It was the response to Freewheelin’ and the unwelcome worship and desire to brand him as a generational voice that crucially influenced his musical transformation, and reinvented Dylan as a multi-faceted musician, essentially into the Dylan that we presently acknowledge as being one of the greatest American artists. It can be safely said that The Freewheelin’ Bob Dylan captures the moment in which Dylan transformed from a low key Village gig player into a global phenomenon and artist of an era, making it one of his most important compositions, and one of New York City’s many genuine masterpieces.

Bob Dylan pictured in 1963.

A few suggested readings…

Chronicles: Volume One by Bob Dylan

“The Politics of Bob Dylan” by Mike Marqusee

“‘Blowin’ In The Wind’ Still Asks The Hard Questions” by Brian Naylor

“Bob Dylan In The ’60s” by Phil Sutcliffe 


Written by Zoe Fanzo (who is looking forward to seeing Dylan in concert at Forest Hills Stadium this July)

Bridge Over Troubled Water

I did not know what to expect when I clicked that play button. To me, it was just another assignment to complete but soon enough, that very assignment turned into an experience. Listening closely to the voices of Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel for the first time immediately captivated me into an emotional trance. I was taken aback by the beauty and power of music made long before I was born. How could I have ignored such a timeless gem for so long? I owed it to myself- no, owed it to them- to give the duo the proper recognition they deserved. One song after another, Paul Simon’s lyrics garnered my concentration and deepened my musical taste. I have never experienced such simple, catchy music with a lyrical depth confronting complex and serious issues. Any of Simon’s songs could either be listened to in leisure or with purpose and with such versatile music like this, it was no surprise that the musician rose from a national phenomenon into a global superstar.

I am only one among millions of people worldwide who are still transfixed by Paul Simon’s poetic compositions that reflects his signature dense and subtle style of intellectual music. This is mainly due to how Simon’s musical poetry is capable of transcending generations as timeless music relatable to anyone no matter the time period or geography. If today’s world is still captivated by the seventy-four year-old’s music, society in the 70s, during the peak of the duo’s career, was absolutely beguiled by their performances. Simon managed to capture the essence of New York City society during that time and used it in his works to reflect his life and culture.  The landscape of songwriting was introduced to a fresh new style with Simon’s lyrics portraying the solitude and isolation of an outcast in New York City. This very music was responsible for bringing him to new international heights

.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jjNgn4r6SOA

Within Simon’s arsenal was his flexibility towards adapting to other genres and styles of music. It would surely be an insult if one were to simply call the musician a folk rock singer as Simon proved otherwise time and time again of his versatility through his songs such as his titular hit “Bridge Over Troubled Water”. When listening to it for the first time, there is a sense of an uplifting beat that gradually grows to reach a climatic finish. A Catholic vibe rings through this gospel-inspired music as well. This was because Simon was partly inspired by the Swan SIlverstones, an America gospel music group. This very song became their signature hit of the album, praised for its spiritual essence that was captured by the piano’s melody and Simon’s harmonious lyrics. It was his first among many departures from the labeling folk art genre and ventures into new and different musical tastes (Rock Hall)

Another song that quickly rose to be just as popular, if not more so, was the first song on the second side of their album “The Boxer”. This was another homage and portrayal of New York City life in the sixties that the duo was already so accustomed to. A variety of different instruments were pitched and played in the song such as guitars, harmonicas, flutes and tubas (Janovitz). This combination of instruments collided to create a synchronized, powerful tale of a “classical New York Story of a small-town boy beaten down by the big city” (Village Voice). Important to note, the song was never recorded in one place as the duo endured a long, grueling, over 100 hours of production in several places from Nashville, Tennessee, to their home base in Columbia Records as well as Columbia University (Village Voice).

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMrYvFTfIGI

The remaining songs on side two complete the album’s list. Known for its happy tunes and up-tempo beat (Bennighof 47), “Baby Driver” draws inspiration from the Beach-Boys like style and consists of pseudo words. “The Only Living Boy in New York” is another recalling to the city life and features the audio-visual effects “with its mix of strumming acoustic guitars, start-and-drop drums, and a far-off wall of harmonies”. Garfunkel recalls how the “aahs” recorded in the song came from them screaming in an echo chamber and having their voices lowered to a soft pitch (Eliot 39). In “Why Don’t You Write Me”, Simon continues the trend of experimenting with different genres by using elements of reggae music to which he would continue to use for his solo career. The only song in the album that was not written by Simon was their cover for “Bye Bye Love” by the Everly brothers and featured the audio effects of having the audience’s clapping during a concert recorded. Their last number “Song for the Asking” was meant to portray an accord between the duo in the hopes of a prosperous future together. Unfortunately, this turned out not to be the case as tension within the duo were on the rise to tear them apart (Janovitz).The album went on to immediately receive universal praise and quickly hit the top spots for billboards across the United States and parts of Europe. The incorporation of multiple genres such as R & B, gospel and jazz became a critical cornerstone for the album’s success and the positive reviews that followed. The Times in 1993 awarded the album a number twenty spot on their official “The Vultures 100 Best Albums of All Time” (The Times), while Rolling Stone’s Peter Puterbaugh was astounded by the “reassurance and solidarity that Simon wrote as a vehicle for Garfunkel’s golden tenor” (Puterbaugh) and gave the album a perfect rating. To little surprise, the album won a wealth of awards from the prestigious Grammy’s such as Album of the Year and Record of the Year. Despite the critical receptions, it was the mainstream popularity that boosted the album to new heights. Simon and Garfunkel stood in stark contrast to the traditional, blaring rock that swept through the country at the time, making them stand out as a unique group known for their New York City soul music.

Image result for simon and garfunkel the boxer

One question might rise from the duo’s reliance on reflecting so much of New York City through their album and that is whether the duo appropriated the city’s culture. The textbook definition of appropriation is generally defined as taking something for one’s own use without the owner permission. To say that Simon and Garfunkel are stealing from their own city for the intentions of profit and fame would a be a rather vague accusation. The duo was born and raised in New York and, as such, became a part of the very society they were portraying through their music. It would be a challenge for them to produce music notinfluenced by New York City than anything else of their own tastes. Rather than appropriation, this album stands as homage and appreciation to their home city. Just like how other New Yorkers want to show appreciation for their city, Simon and Garfunkel mean to do the very same through their own craft. The duo’s love for the city was proven countless times such as their significant 1981 concert within Central Park where they played to over a half a million New Yorkers. Their dedication to their birthplace brought New York together like a “big city suddenly sitting down on the grass” (Giodarno). If anything, Simon’s work could be described as a form of spatial appropriation with the City’s permission. When viewing appropriation from this, less negative standpoint, Simon was simply becoming a product of the mood and atmosphere of the cultural and physical space that he occupied while producing the album. The very same isolation and solitude Simon channeled through his album would continue when the duo split one last time after the album’s release.

https://vimeo.com/62293073

SUGGESTED READINGS:

Janovitz, Bill. “The Boxer- Simon and Garfunkel.” Allmusic. AllMusic, 23 Jan. 2013. Web. 5

“Paul Simon Looks Back at “Bridge Over Troubled Water”” Rockhall. Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, 5 Nov. 2015. Web.

Puterbaugh, Parke. “Simon and Garfunkel.” Webarchive. Rolling Stone, 22 Apr. 2003. Web.

Giodano, Mary Ann. “Simon and Garfunkel Plays to a Crowd in Central Park in 1981.”  New York Daily News, 18 Sept. 2015.