Immigrants have greatly contributed to the increase of entrepreneurship and business ventures in New York.  Bowles describes the increase in new businesses as due to the new wave of immigrants in the past two decades.  Immigrant entrepreneurs have grown into a more important part of the city’s economy as they contributed more and more to the economy’s growth.  So much so, that foreign-born entrepreneurs have greatly outnumbered native-born entrepreneurs, creating jobs and opportunities for work for their community members.  It is interesting that more immigrants were helping and providing job opportunities to the people of their community, even though they are not originally from there.  The fact that they contribute more than native-born citizens shows how integral they have become to the culture of New York City.  Although most immigrants may tend to open businesses that appeal to people of their nationality, they do not exclude the needs and assistance of other cultures.  They also provide opportunities to those like themselves as well as natives.  As much as immigrant businesses have helped New York City’s economy, most do not have the chance to advance to the next level.  Bowles proves this by stating that minority owned businesses in New York made less than minority owned businesses in other states.  Hispanic businesses in New York made 37 percent as much as those in Houston, 40 percent of those in Chicago, and 42 percent in Miami.  The city’s Asain-owned businesses made less than their counterparts in 13 cities with the highest amount of Asain-owned businesses.  This shows that even with the contributions immigrant business owners make, they are still affected by the setbacks that come with being an immigrant.  For example, a native born business owner can take their businesses to another level because they learn and understand the rules and procedures of expanding.  However, it may take longer to understand how to do this for immigrants who do no have the level of education needed or suffer from not being able to understand English as well as native-born Americans.