Although the United States may be one of the most progressive countries in the world, we haven’t met a standard in which all are given equal rights. Gender inequality affects both men and women in this country proving to us that we are not as perfect as we say we are.

The glass ceiling is one of the biggest problems when it comes to gender and economic growth. The glass ceiling is an imaginary barrier, in which people, such as women, can see the next level of advancement in a job or career, but not achieve it due to certain prejudices associated with their gender. A study starting in the 90’s and continuing for about 15 years found that a measly 1.3% of CEO’s were women. This problem arises from the practices of a few centuries ago. It used to be that men would go out and make the money while the woman of the house would stay home and raise the family. This is now changing. More women than ever are getting jobs and working the same amount of hours that a man might work in order to better themselves and their family. The association of household and women still lingers and causes many to look at women and less-than-viable options for high-level positions. In addition to the societal associations, women themselves are also the problem because they do not believe they can hold high-level positions. After years of oppression, the common woman may think that a top position is not achievable simply because of standards that are true now.

Another gender problem in our country is the percent of women in government positions. Currently, on a state level, women hold a little less than 25% of government positions. This is a major issue because not only are the voices of women not being herd by the masses, these numbers completely go against our ideals of a country to be equal, free and democratic. The problem is not that there aren’t any women that are capable of holding these positions; it is that our political parties do not encourage women to run for these roles as much as they should by not backing them as they would a man. Women have statistically been shown to introduce more bills and policy changes than men, so it is not a question of if they want to or if they can, it is a question of who will help them run.

A final gender inequality problem focuses not on the women, but the men. Just as looking at women as someone who needs to be at home is a huge problem, looking at a man as someone who cannot be at home is just as big an issue. Sometimes women do hold the job that brings more income to the house and thus spend more time out of the house than the man of the family may, making the dad the stay at home parent. The problem in our society is that this is frowned upon. A stay at home dad is looked at as weak and not providing for his family where he is doing something just as important. Paired with this judgment is the fact that a man cannot get any leave from a job to take care of a newborn, a task that is just as important if it were to be done by a woman.

In the end, gender inequality is a huge problem in society today and needs to be fixed. This affects both men and women in different ways and the standards associated with each gender need to be abolished to create a truly equal society.

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/glass-ceiling.html

http://www.newyorker.com/news/john-cassidy/hole-glass-ceiling-getting-bigger

http://www.forbes.com/sites/margiewarrell/2013/08/04/glass-ceiling-or-glass-cage-breaking-through-the-biggest-barrier-holding-women-back/

http://www.thenation.com/article/178736/why-does-us-still-have-so-few-women-office#

http://www.debate.org/opinions/is-gender-inequality-still-an-issue-in-america

Gender inequality affects not only both genders, but also the economical development of societies. Time and time again, studies show the positive effects of having a mixture of both men and women in the workplace. In this post, I will address three problems that perpetuate the stereotypes that influence women’s participation in employment and society.

One of the most well-known issues of women in the workplace is the wage gap between men and women. Women still earn up to thirty percent less than men for the same work [1]. The average woman makes 77 cents for every dollar that a man makes. Our current president Barack Obama made it one of his goals to tackle this issue, using the slogan “equal pay for equal work” [2]. This mentality, however, is not reflected in his place of work – the White House. Studies show that women in Congress get paid 83 cents compared to a dollar a man in Congress makes. Perhaps the president should focus on fixing the wage gap within Congress before attempting to fix the overall issue – it would certainly send a much better message. A recent Harvard University study illustrated that a male’s resume received better approval and a higher salary offer than a women’s resume that was exactly identical in terms of experience and education [2].

Although women are getting college degrees faster than men, they still only constitute 44% of the workforce [4]. Moreover, the vast majority of leadership roles are possessed by men, and this is due to a number of factors. Studies show that women consistently underestimate their own abilities in comparison to men. They will very often attribute their success to external factors, such as luck and hard work, while men attribute it to themselves. This makes a huge difference because men are more likely to reach for opportunities, such as promotions. Another important factor is that, for some innate reason, success and likability are positively correlated for men, but negatively correlated for women [3]. Having women in managerial positions, however, has positive effects on companies. According to a study conducted by the U.N., businesses with women on their executive boards make four percent more profit and have more stable businesses than those that do not [4]. Women are also less likely to pay or accept bribes, resulting in less corruption.

Gender inequality is not just a women’s issue — it is also a men’s issue. Men very often confuse the term gender equality with women’s equality, and thus do not consider it as their issue. Many would argue that men are the center of this issue and must therefore cease being mere bystanders in the perpetuation of women stereotypes [5]. Victims of sexual harassment or abuse very often blame themselves instead of blaming the person who hurt them. An example is the disappearance of Jill Meagher, who went missing while making the short five minute walk from a bar to her home in Brunswick [6]. When her disappearance was publicized, people began commenting that it was her fault for leaving a bar so late, for drinking, for wearing suggestive clothing, and for a myriad of other reasons that a man wouldn’t be blamed for. We are a society that places the blame on women for getting into dangerous situations  instead of blaming the attacker. We need to investigate the roles of the various institutions that shape men’s mentality, including the societal aspects and stereotypes. The attached video features a world in which the gender roles are reversed, and it is truly an eye-opener.

References:

[1] http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/mar/09/women-future-cities-new-york-keys-to-empowerment

[2] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PsB1e-1BB4Y

[3]https://www.ted.com/talks/sheryl_sandberg_why_we_have_too_few_women_leaders#t-408032

[4] http://europeandcis.undp.org/blog/2013/07/01/gender-inequality-how-much-does-it-affect-development-in-europe-and-central-asia/

[5] https://www.ted.com/talks/jackson_katz_violence_against_women_it_s_a_men_s_issue#t-818939

[6] http://www.dailylife.com.au/news-and-views/dl-opinion/can-we-please-stop-the-victim-blaming-20120925-26izn.html

One problem associated with gender and economic growth is that women perform the majority of unpaid care-related labor in most parts of the world. This type of labor includes childcare, care for the elderly, disabled, or ill, as well as tending the household. Magdalena Sepulveda, a UN Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty, stated in 2013 that when unpaid care work is taken into consideration, women in developed and developing nations work longer than men but receive less compensation and recognition for their work (“Women’s Unpaid”). This lack of compensation has shown to be problematic for women’s economic well-being. The US Government Accountability Office (GAO) found that women above 65 are twice as likely to live in poverty as men in the same age range (Fidel). One of the causes of this that the study highlighted was the fact that women often leave the workforce, both temporarily and permanently, to take care of family members (Fidel).

Another problem associated with gender and economic growth is the underrepresentation of women in leadership positions. In January of this year, women made up 5.2% of CEOs of Fortune 500 companies, 5.4% of CEOs of Fortune 1000 companies, and, in 2013, 16.9% of board members of Fortune 500 companies (“Chapter 1: Women in Leadership”). Additionally, only 104 of the 541 members of the nation’s current Congress (just over 19%) are female (“Chapter 1: Women in Leadership”). This is problematic for several reasons. First, it means that women are vastly excluded from the high monetary earnings that often accompany top positions. Second, the decisions made by those in leadership positions often have enormous consequences, and the absence of women in such positions means that the perspectives and interests of women are underrepresented in these decisions. Third, women’s involvement social activity correlates with decreased corruption in government and business (“Second MENA Knowledge for Development Forum”). Fourth, the shortage of female leaders perpetuates negative stereotypes of women as being less capable, intelligent, etc. than men.

A third problem related to gender and economic growth is that legislative action, which is arguably the most fast-acting and effective solution for the underrepresentation of women in leadership positions, can actually perpetuate the inequality of women in top positions. Earlier this month, Germany passed a law requiring 30% of board members of corporations to be female (Smale). While this may be an effective measure for increasing female representation, it may have unintended consequences. To understand this, we can examine the analogous case of affirmative action policy in the United States. A well-documented problem associated with affirmative action is referred to as “mismatch”. Mismatch occurs when, in order to meet diversity quotas, a school admits a student who is academically underprepared for that institution (Sander). In these situations, the student often falls far behind his or her classmates, experiences lowered self-confidence, and is more likely to drop out (Sander). Furthermore, that student’s well-prepared classmates, upon seeing their peer struggling, are more likely to buy into negative stereotypes regarding the intelligence and work ethic of minorities. “S/he only got in because s/he’s black, Hispanic, etc.” is a phrase that is commonly tossed around among college students. Policy changes such as the new law in Germany will certainly increase the number of women in leadership positions, but may lead to many of the same problems associated with affirmative action. If companies start appointing women to their boards merely to fill quotas rather than because they are qualified, those women may become overwhelmed by their relative inexperience compared to their male colleagues, which will likely cause them to become less vocal members of their boards. Furthermore, upon seeing that their female colleagues are underqualified, the male of the boards will cease to view these women as their equals in terms of competency and instead adopt the viewpoint that “she only got the job because she’s a woman.”

Thus, legislation, one of the most powerful tools against this type of inequality, may actually be ineffective, making the problem much more difficult to solve.

Works Cited

“Chapter 1: Women in Leadership.” Pew Research Centers Social Demographic Trends Project RSS. Pew Research Center, 14 Jan. 2015. Web. 31 Mar. 2015.

Fidel, Emma. “Women Live Retirement in Poverty at Higher Rates Than Men.” Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg, 25 July 2012. Web. 31 Mar. 2015.

Sander, Richard, and Stuart Taylor, Jr. “The Painful Truth About Affirmative Action.” The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, 02 Oct. 2012. Web. 31 Mar. 2015.

“Second MENA Knowledge for Development Forum: Gender Equality and Economic Development.” Knowledge for Development. The World Bank Group, 16 Mar. 2004. Web. 31 Mar. 2015.

Smale, Alison, and Claire Cain Miller. “Germany Sets Gender Quota in Boardrooms.” The New York Times. The New York Times, 06 Mar. 2015. Web. 31 Mar. 2015.

“Women’s Unpaid Work in the Home Is a ‘major Human Rights Issue,’ Says UN Expert.” UN News Center. UN, 24 Oct. 2013. Web. 31 Mar. 2015.

When the words economic growth comes to our mind, we would envision a man, most likely white, in a clean, nice black suit. It is something that is “expected” of the society of our time. No one would think of a woman having a top executive position of a workplace and this is a problem. Women face many problems in the workplace even in the 21^st century all over the world. Three of which I am going to discuss are the lack of women in executive positions, the concept of glass ceiling and glass escalator, and the wage disparity to demonstrate the inequality between men and women in the workplace.

Women are holding a little bit over 17 percent of independent directors which is shown to be an upward trend since 2002. This implies that many leadership positions are still behind held by men but is decreasing as time is passing. Many top women leaders such as Sheryl Sandberg and Ann Scott Plante are trying to reach out to women to form support groups and get them interested in the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) field. Catherine Wolfram, however, found that women tend to leave their job before getting a raise in ranks and pay. Another simple reason for this problem is the idea of stereotype, because of the patriarchal society we’re living in. This idea favors men which cause the consideration that they are more superior and are the origin of success.

The idea of glass ceiling is where women see the limit in their own career in terms of hierarchy while men can still attain higher. This is generally true with the inevitable concept of stereotypes and patriarchal society. There anther concept called the glass escalator which talks about men in women-dominating careers such as teachers and nurses tend to rise faster than women in men-dominating fields, for example STEM fields. Aside from the stereotypes, maternity leave also can account to these reasons of glass structure that inhibit women rising in ranks.

According to the American Association of University Women (AAUS), women were paid about 22% less of what men were paid in full time positions, 2013. Women experience pay gap across all 50 states and in almost all occupations. The wage gap is even worse for minorities and grows with age. Though education tend to help workers increase their pay, but it does not close out the gender pay gap. Another important point is that it does not matter whether the woman has children or not, they will face wage gap regardless. This is a problem to almost half of the workforce who are women. A report by the Institute for Women’s Policy Research on discrimination demonstrates that sex and race discrimination are a huge factor when considering in wage, hiring, and promotion process of workplaces. Overall, these problems affect the economics growth in lessening pay to specific people and prohibit promotions within workplaces.

http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Women-in-top-executive-positions-are-few-4360451.php

http://women-empowered.com/2013/03/the-glass-ceiling-vs-the-glass-escalator/

http://www.iwpr.org/initiatives/pay-equity-and-discrimination

http://www.aauw.org/research/the-simple-truth-about-the-gender-pay-gap/

In today’s society, there is an inequality seen within the genders of humans. Whether this inequality is intentional or unintentional is another story, but it is still a problem rooted in our society that can cause economic issues in the future. Women make up fifty percent of the global population so it does not make sense that they are overshadowed by men in the work force. An equal contribution by all is a moral point deeply embedded in the ideas of the founding fathers and a disparity with this causes a distopian society that will lead to bad feelings and slow progression.

The wage gap between genders is a big issue that activists argue about in regards to gender inequality. Women on average are reported to make 78% of what men make doing the same type of work. Certain areas in the United States, such as Washington D.C., women make 91% but there are also areas such as Louisiana where women make 66% of what a man makes. The disparity among states in wage gap shows that the perception of women are vastly different among different areas possibly because of culture and misinformation. Equality requires that everyone be recognized for their abilities and are rewarded accordingly and women will have less of a voice in society if they are not respected and rewarded with the same appropriate pay as men. The perceived dominance in terms of wealth is an obstacle for gender equality and needs to be fixed in order to maintain progress and order.

Women also take less STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math) fields than men. The benefits of taking STEM fields are well known, they pay well, contribute to society, and promote an intelligent self image. According to the United States Department of Commerce, women take on average 24% of all the jobs in the STEM field which is a huge disproportion compared to the men’s 76%. This disparity directly affects economic growth since new technology fuels the much needed boost in the economy. Women taking on STEM fields can help close the wage gap and provide an alternate perspective when working in a research and development setting. Pursuing STEM fields and higher education can promote independence which can set men and women equal in addition to benefiting the economy. Women in STEM can even act as role models for other women to fight for equality so it is currently a big problem that women aren’t actively filling STEM careers. Seeing so few women in these fields can discourage other women from pursuing their dreams and as a result they will conform to societal expectations in a vicious cycle.

The problem with maternity leave is also an issue that needs to be addressed in the work place. Paid maternity leave is a huge investment for companies to consider since they will need to pay an individual for a good amount of time for work they have not done. There is discrimination in the workplace where employers are reluctant to hire women to avoid the extra cost of paying for this maternity leave. As a result, women face a bias in the workforce which sets them back and widens the gender gap. The United States does not provide paid maternity leave and makes it hard for mothers to choose between work and family. These two should not be mutually exclusive in life and women should be given the freedom to have both a family and job security.

Gender equality is an important issue that relates to solving economic problems. Empowering women to reach and surpass the expectations society places on them is important to improve society. Women make up 50% of the entire population and it is necessary to remove societal believes and stereotypes of women roles in order to benefit the economy and provide a moral compass for the rest of the world to follow.

http://www.aauw.org/research/the-simple-truth-about-the-gender-pay-gap/

http://www.esa.doc.gov/sites/default/files/womeninstemagaptoinnovation8311.pdf

http://www.vogue.com/3043257/paid-maternity-leave-election-season-issue/

Across the world there is a huge implications that come with being male or female. Assumed responsibilities, respect in leadership roles, and economic benefits differ between these two groups. Although people in the United States would like to believe that we have abolished gender discrimination, along with racial and religious discrimination, it is easily seen in the way each of the nation’s work force is treated. Up until 2010, it was even legal to discriminate between men and women when determining health care costs. Being a woman was considered a preexisting condition. Three concerns that I would like to highlight are the wage gap, the glass ceiling, and holdovers from when the United States was a more sexist country.

This most prominent discussion topic regarding women in the workplace is the wage gap. Different studies estimate different percentages but most agree that men usually get paid more for the same job as a female peer. Whether this Is due to employers wanting to account for maternity leave and other similar benefits or if it is because of this country’s history of sexism, it is an unfair practice. This issue has actually received a lot of publicity, featuring on Obama’s platform before the election. However, the wage gap is still prominent, often being estimated around 20 cents on the dollar. This can have a significant impact of quality of life because most American homes feature to sets of income, from the mother and father. The estimated difference in lost earnings is over ten thousand dollars, enough money to buy a year’s supply of groceries or.

Related to the wage gap is the glass ceiling, a catchy term used to publicize the trend that women are often never given the opportunity to fill high profile positions. Although more women now attend college than men it is not reflected in high profile positions in management. One recent study of 60 major corporations, conducted by Joanna Barsh and Lareina Yee, states that women make up 53 percent of the entry-level work but only contribute as 27 percent of vice presidents. The higher a position is on the corporate ladder, the less likely a woman to be appointed. This is detrimental to economic growth as it limits half of the population from fulfilling their potentials and also encourages the promotion of less qualified individuals. Capitalist societies rely on inefficient companies going bankrupt and well run corporations thriving, but failing companies also have huge negative impacts on the economy by decreasing jobs and possibly manufacturing. Ideally, corporations should be run by the best person for the job, but this is impossible if the determining factor is unrelated to that person’s productivity and ability.

The source of many gender related problems in economic growth is the continued belief of many stigmas women were associated with in the 1950s and 1960s. Beliefs such as the one that women should be housewives and marry a man who supports them is an archaic idea that is no longer practical. Especially in places like New York City, where people need a special tenacity and persistence to succeed, this belief often joked about among children of young ages is detrimental to young girls’ mental growth. However, this is also a belief shared among adults. This is clearly seen during election season when many male politicians are joined by their supportive wife who doesn’t work but instead exemplifies the old ideals of a “good” wife. Unfortunately, this is just one of many principles that need to be changed in society that wants to think of itself as fair.

References:

http://www.who.int/social_determinants/resources/csdh_media/wgekn_final_report_07.pdf

https://hbr.org/2015/03/the-throwback-sexism-of-kleiner-perkins

https://hbr.org/2013/09/women-in-the-workplace-a-research-roundup

http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/30/health/30women.html?_r=0

One of the big problems that can be seen in the workplace is that women are not found in executive positions as much as they should. Since they make up approximately half of the population, they should at make up around half the people in executive positions. According to catalyst.org, less than 15 percent of fortune 500 executive officers were women, and women filled less than 17 percent of board seats in fortune 500 companies. This is clearly a problem. Although the trends show these numbers increasing slowly over the past 4 years, it is not enough. The change in percentage is in the single digits for both categories. It would take about another century for women to be represented in these companies, as they should. Not only do we see this problem in the workplace, but also in the government. There has yet to be a female president in the United States. In addition to this, according to nwpc.org, women only make up 18.5 percent of Congress. Since they make up half the population it would only make sense that they make up half of the government. This currently is not the case. We need to facilitate the current growth of women in both Congress and in higher positions in companies.

Another large problem that is seen in gender and economic growth is the culture that women are exposed to. They are taught ever since being young that men are better. The one child policy has brought many parents to hope that their child is a boy, and creates a world where boys can be seen as better than girls. In our culture, the men are considered to be the provider of the family while the women are the ones who stay home and just take care of the children. This culture has changed slightly over the years, but it still is not enough. Little girls are still taught to play with little baby dolls and easy bake ovens while boys are taught to play with cars and toy guns. Little girls are accustomed to having the idea of becoming a mother in the back of their minds. This continues all the way until they get married. This mindset is only going to hurt these women.

People doing the same job should be paid the same amount. It would only make sense because the same type and amount of work is being done. This, however, is not the case. According to payscale.com, women are being paid less than 80 cents for every dollar a man would make for the same job. This represents an average for every job, but some professions have a four percent difference in wage between men and women. Considering that these jobs, like software developing, would give you approximately 67,000 dollars annually, women would be receiving 2,000 dollars less than they should. In addition to this, women appear to stop receiving pay increases around the age of 40, while men continue to receive increases in payment until around 50. There is clearly some sort of bias in the system that needs to be resolved. Women are clearly not receiving the proper compensation for their work.

Sources:

http://www.catalyst.org/knowledge/statistical-overview-women-workplace

http://www.nwpc.org/statistics

http://www.payscale.com/gender-lifetime-earnings-gap

The current workplace sees a wide disparity between genders. Women choose to take jobs that are safer and closer to home thus allowing them to spend more time with family. The real underlying problem is that women are just following traditional gender roles, which cause them to make less money. Data shows that unmarried women who have never had a child actually make more money than unmarried men.

There are large disparities in jobs that are more dangerous and thus pay more. These jobs include “Fishers, loggers, aircraft pilots, farmers and ranchers, roofers, iron and steel workers, refuse and recyclable material collectors, industrial machinery installation and repair, truck drivers, construction laborers” as mentioned by Steve Tobak. This leads to the fact that women don’t choose jobs in STEM fields. A 2009 White House report shows that only 9% of women professionals are employed in jobs in high paying computer and engineering fields compared to 38% for male professionals. Women simply tend to gravitate towards low paying education and health care professions according to the report due to the traditional gender role of being a nurturing person.

Another issue we see in society is what is often referred to as the glass ceiling. This imaginary barrier is what women attribute to their inability to advance in the workplace due to prejudices. The idea stems from many decades ago when men dominated every aspect of business and people lived in an extremely patriarchal society. With more women attending college than men nowadays, we must assume that these high profile positions are being filled by under qualified people because they are male dominated. Times have changed since but women still feel there is this blockade stopping them from having a successful career.

A final gender issue is the responsibility of taking care of children. Traditionally men are the breadwinners while women have the ability of taking maternity leave to take care of their children and then continue on with their careers after a period of a few months. Men’s jobs simply don’t give them the ability to take a maternity leave to take care of their children, which is a problem that should be addressed. This further stems to the idea that stay at home dads are seen as a low and weak person for letting the mother take care of providing for the family. These gender prejudices are what stop our society from advancing to the idealistic equal wage for genders.

Ultimately the female workforce is not diversified enough to close the wage gap. Simply forcing women into top-level positions won’t fix anything just as the same analogy can be made for diversifying specialized high schools won’t solve the problem of undereducated minorities. Ultimately neither men or women shouldn’t be forced into certain professions for the sake of having gender equality, people should follow their dreams in life that stem from their natural interests.

Sources:

• http://money.cnn.com/2014/10/27/news/economy/global-gender-pay-gap/
• http://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-gender-pay-gap-is-a-complete-myth/
• http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2015/03/daily-chart-1

Throughout history, women have struggled with inequality, and despite our extremely advanced society, these basic problems still exist. According to a World Bank presentation [1], no region in the world has reached complete legal, social and economic equality of the sexes. In the United States, a major gender inequality issue is the wage gap between men and women. In 2013, it was found that full-time working women were paid only 78% of what men were paid for the same job [2]. This statistic gets worse by state, and by race. In Louisiana, women were paid only 66% of what men were paid, and nation-wide, hispanic women were paid only 54% of a white man’s salary for the same job [2].

Another gender issue affecting economic growth is the disparity of women and men in leadership roles and high paying positions. This issue can be seen even on our own campus. In a study conducted by two anthropology majors, it was found that of the 34% of female engineering students that register at CCNY, only 18% keep their major through to graduation [3]. This idea of what roles are deemed “socially appropriate” for women, starts at a young age. One professor recounts his pre-school aged daughter telling him she wants to be an astronaut but cannot because she is a girl [3]. The problem is that young girls and women are rarely advertised in these roles, creating feelings of apprehension and intimidation in classrooms and workplaces dominated by males.

This is not just in STEM fields, there are also less female CEOs and government officials. Of 109 heads of state, only 9 are women. In business, women in board seats and CEO positions make less than 15% [4]. This happens for many reasons. Firstly, while 57% of men might negotiate for their first salary only 7% of women do. Women are also less likely to take credit for their own success, making promotions much less likely [4]. Why do these numbers matter? It has been proven that when women occupy these jobs there are cleaner practices in business and government, leading to higher rates of economic growth [1].

Internationally, these problems are rooted more deeply. The UN Report on Women showed that many women in rural areas of the world are the sole caregivers for their families along with other household and agricultural responsibilities. By holding women and girls to these standards, their economic capability remains stagnant due to a lack of education. In many countries, half of girls drop out of school before they reach the sixth grade [5]. It has been shown that less educated mothers provide a less intellectually stimulating environment for their children, creating lower quality students and labor force. This not only hurts the economy, but makes it very difficult to break out of this cycle of inequality [1]. Conversely, an educated girl can earn more, reinvesting 80-90% of her earnings back into the economy, improving the economy while also breaking the cycle of poverty for herself [5].

[1] World Bank: Gender Inequality, Economic Development, and the Knowledge Economy

[2] http://www.aauw.org/research/the-simple-truth-about-the-gender-pay-gap/

[3] Understanding Gender and Engineering at CCNY

[4]https://www.ted.com/talks/sheryl_sandberg_why_we_have_too_few_women_leaders

[5] https://girlup.org/impact/challenges-girls-face/education/