Immigration From the past to the Present
If there is one thing about immigration that does not change, it must be work. As Muzaffar Chishtii, the director of Migration Policy Institute at New York University, said, “Immigrants come here to work, not for the quality of life.” The size of the immigrant population in the United States has been increasing every year. There is always a reason why people choose to come to here to work. It is undeniable that this country provides great benefits to its residents such as many job opportunities, excellent health care systems, and other welfares. Many people succeeded in America, but there are also people ended up in disappointment. The United States, a country where its roads were paved with gold, has been an unpredictable journey to many immigrants.
The United States was known as the nation of immigrants, or the melting pot. During the seventeenth century, British and other Europeans began settling in this country. The English, Norwegian, and German were examples of the old immigrants. Most of them were protestant, literate, and skilled. The new immigrants settled in America during 1880 to 1910, and they were mostly illiterate and unskilled. In fact, the Jews, Irish, and Italians were the three major groups that arrived in the late 19th and early 20th century. They came for better life, better economic opportunity, and to escape poverty and religious persecution. They took low-paying and unskilled jobs such as waiters and laundresses. Their wages could only afford them to live in crowded tenements, but they had the choice to stay people from their country and preserve their cultures.
The Tenement Museum is a tour building that restored apartments and family history of past residents during different time periods. A tattered tenement was divided into many rooms to support a few families. A family of ten could squeeze in a tiny three room “house.” The corridor was narrow and had no light. There was also no private sink or bathroom for individual family. During the freezing winter, people had to go outside of the house to bring water in order to finish their housework. Not until 1901, the New York State Tenement House Act was passed and imposed light and proper ventilation systems, indoor bathroom, and fire safeguards into tenements, which greatly improved people’s lives.
Immigrants fled to the U.S. for survival and better lives, but reality didn’t always satisfy them. Many immigrants were unskilled and didn’t speak English allowed the rich to exploit them. The working condition in the U.S. is definitely not heaven-like. The Triangle Shirtwaist Company exploited its immigrant workers under horrible working condition. The factory was located at lower Manhattan and occupied the eighth, ninth, and tenth floor of a ten-story building. It hired mostly recent Jewish and Italian immigrant girls aged from 16 to 23. Nearly all of them did not speak English and they worked in a cramped space at lines of sewing machines. They were paid $7 to $12 a week by working 9 hours during weekdays plus 7 hours on Saturdays, which is equivalent to between $166 and $285 per week in 2014, severely underpaid.
On Saturday, March 25, 1911, around 4:40 in the afternoon, when the workers were already exhausted from a long day of work, a tragic fire started out from a flare in a scrap bin at the corner of the eighth floor. The workers from the lower level were unable to warn the people on the upper floors because there was a lack of safety alarm and other protections. Workers were trapped inside building because the one door was locked and the other only opened inward. They either tried to jam themselves into the elevator or eventually jumped off the building because they could not suffer the burning pain. The fire resulted in the deaths of 146 garment workers. The poor precaution of fire safety revealed corruption between garment industry and city government. After the disaster, New York State created a Factory Investigating Commission to ensure wages, sanitation, and safety in many places. The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire is remembered as one of the most infamous tragedy in U.S. history.
Another tragic group of immigrants was the Chinese. According to Edward Rothstein’s article “Great Job on the Railroad. Now Go Back to China”, “In 1784, a boat called the Empress of China sailed from New York to Canton, bearing furs, lead, wine, 30 tons of American ginseng and Mexican silver dollars to trade for Chinese goods: porcelain, silk, tea.” Chinese immigration to the United States has a much longer history than many people thought. Their merchants had been trading with America since the eighteenth century, but the major flow of Chinese into the U.S. was during the 1849 California Gold Rush. They were pushed by poverty and overpopulation from their homeland to the U.S., and they wished that they could find gold and send money back to their families. However, most of them ended up working extremely low-pay jobs such as laborers, domestic workers, minors, railroad workers, and fishermen. One of their greatest contributions is the building of the Central Pacific Railroad which connects California and Utah.
Very often, immigrants’ great contribution to the society was not appreciated. Chinese immigrants faced a lot of discrimination because the Europeans couldn’t understand how the Chinese could agree to work under such poor condition with extreme low pay. White people saw the increasing amount of Chinese as a threat that might take over all the jobs. The old immigrants tried to oppress the new immigrants by all means such as making laws to stop them from coming. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 illegalized Chinese to immigrate for ten years. A few exceptions to this rule were students, teachers, businessman, and Chinese Americans citizens’ blood related children. However, those exceptions still faced serious backgrounds check and long interrogations as they entered America. This law forced paper sons and daughters to purchase fraudulent documentations to prove their identities. Eventually, the act was repealed in 1943 as China became an Allies during WWII.
Time has made the past into history. Immigration is changing, but not necessarily just improving. Laws have improved the housing and working condition for people. However, they did not eradicate immigration problems. Nowadays, immigrants are facing different types of challenges.
In 2014, 13.3% of the U.S. population, approximately 42.4 million people was born foreign. 25 % of foreign born are unauthorized, and half of whom are Mexicans. Many of these people walked for long hours to cross the U.S.-Mexico border to enter this country illegally. One example is Olga Flores, a forty-years-old Mexican woman born in Hidalgo. She claimed that the only purpose of a woman in her country was to get married, have children, and cook for her whole life. Therefore, she chose to illegally enter the U.S. in 1998. She worked several jobs before meeting her husband, David, who is a hardworking and caring guy, very different from any of the Mexican men that she knows. All of Olga’s children are U.S. citizens, but she is still afraid of being deported because she needs to take care of her son, who has cancer. In the United States, her son is able to receive much better health care, and she was less concern about the money issues.
Undocumented workers are needed for the work force, but they are unrepresented by the government and they do not share the same benefits as the ones that are documented. There are ways for foreigners to enter U.S. legally, but they have to wait for years. The process is tedious and after years, your immigration is not guaranteed.
As Mr. Chishtii pointed out, “If we need them, we should allow them to come in legally.” In fact, President Barack Obama had tried his best to improve the situation. One example is the DREAM Act, which provides benefits to undocumented immigrants, such as qualifying them for driver’s licenses. There are also other programs that help documented or undocumented immigrants to walk through their difficult journeys. However, many of the Republicans reacted sharply to Obama’s policies. Jeff Sessions, Obama’s chief adversary in Congress, said, “If everyone who enters the country illegally can stay and become a citizen, that just encourages more people to come illegally.”
Another Republican presidential candidate, Donald Trump, addressed an absurd proposal on the issue of illegal immigration from Mexico. He commented, “They’re sending people that have lots of problems, and they’re bringing those problems with us. They’re bringing drugs. They’re bringing crime. They’re rapists. And some, I assume, are good people.” His proposal was to force Mexico to build a wall on the U.S.-Mexico border or give America the money to build it, which was nearly impossible to occur in reality.
In fact, the government had already passed acts to control illegal immigration. The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 was signed into law by Ronald Regan, which illegalizes employers to hire illegal immigrants knowingly. In 1996, President Bill Clinton also increased the penalty on immigrants who violate criminal laws. Because of all these laws, there was a sharp increase in deportation in 1996. Recently, Obama’s opponents had made immigration much more difficult. Just under Obama’s presidency, 2.5 million people were deported from the U.S., the most deportation cases during the past 7 years.
There are gains and losses to immigration. Immigrants always face discrimination in this country. Though many immigrants lived and worked in horrible condition in the U.S., they were able to escape religious persecution, poverty, hunger, and other terrible situations in their own countries. Life in America might be difficult and challenging at the beginning, but immigrants are benefited in many ways as well. There is excellent health care, freedom, better education, better standard of living, living space, transportation, science and technology, and job opportunities in the United States.
Over the centuries, immigration has been changing accordingly. Immigrants have been facing different challenges at different time periods. Laws have been constantly changing the system. But one thing that did not change was work. There is no free lunch in this world. There is a price to everything. Everything is about work, work, and work.
The History of Immigration in America
The United States of America, a nation of immigrants, has endured large influx of new comers at any point of history even before the country came to existence. It is always the country in which the most percentage of foreigners settle. What attracts them to come? Certainly it contains countless domestic and external problems itself, but this fact does not seem to block people from establishing their homes here.
The only factor that did stop them was the legislation, a cause that is totally beyond the consequence of their willing decision. The law of exclusion against immigrants started in late 19th century, anticipating to eliminate people from certain parts of the world from coming –– in the context of what Americans fear at the time. The first of those laws, for example, was the Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) ratified to despise Chinese immigrant laborers. Another conspicuous law in the series was the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, which was approved in fear of the expansion of Communism. Legislation regarding immigration issues in America tended to restrict Asians and Africans but to give preference to northern and western Europeans to come.
Immigrants from the past largely consisted of Italians, Jews, and Irish. Then, the immigrant population became mostly Latinos. Immigration to America finally also appealed to Asians. Different groups of people came for different sorts of reasons. For the most part, they saw job opportunity as the major reason. (“Better quality of life,” though many has mistaken, is not the answer to immigrants’ motive to come.) Despite the racial shifts throughout American immigration history, one thing persists –– the challenges and hardship.
Besides the law as a hindering factor, immigrants do not seem to let hardship and poor living conditions prevent them from settling here. In the past there was the tenement, in the present there is discrimination. The tenement 97 Orchard Street on Manhattan’s Lower East side, now a museum, embraces stories of thousands of immigrants. No lights at the entrance. Nine family members in a room. Little to no ventilation. Thousands of immigrants lived under such circumstances from 1863 to 1988. They probably used to live in a more spacious house with better social connections prior to coming. But they perceived that their hardship right then was the price they must pay for better earnings and opportunities that would come. So they stayed, endured, and tried to thrive. As generations have gone by, their descendants probably are now promising young citizens.
And discrimination is an incessant issue, needless to say. Immigrants are foreigners; They don’t belong here, many natives would say. In other words, foreign-born Americans were excluded not only by the legislation, but also by the unwelcoming people in their neighborhoods. Therefore, they form closer bonding with themselves as a community in defense and support. They might be from different states or provinces of their native country. They might be of ethnic groups that were at odds there. And they might be speaking different dialects in their native tongues. But as long as they are in another country trying to make a better life, they naturally come together. There forms assisting associations and also ethnic enclaves. New York City has Little Italy, Chinatown, and so on. Race-based organizations are countless. They have the same goal to make good fortune, so they are willing to help each other in-group, which also benefits themselves in a long run.
America was seen as a promised land with abundant job opportunities and guaranteed good earnings for anyone who was willing to work hard enough. Immigrants embraced the American Dream. They looked far into prosperity, upward social mobility, and life here. With these in mind, many are fearless and determined to come disregarding safety and the law. The number of undocumented immigrants in the country is at a newer high every year. Right now almost 15% of the United States population is comprised of illegal residents. Every day of their lives is at risk of deportation. Enforcement is even tougher in recent years under Obama administration, which is ironic because he advocated to address problems for the undocumented population during his presidency campaign speech. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) even adopts unconstitutional techniques to seek out illegal immigrants and deport them.
Fortunately, the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program (DACA) and The Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors Act (DREAM Act) provided ample opportunities for eligible unauthorized immigrants to naturalize as citizens. They avoided many cases of family separation and young fellows’ identity crises.
However, the future of immigration in the country is not as hopeful as it sounds. More and more people from all over the world are coming into this country. This brings burden to the government and to the economy. Since new comers are mostly poor, many of them rely on benefits and welfare from the government. For such a large population of them, expenses in these fields could most possibly overwhelm the economy. All in all, for foreign-born immigrants and natives to reside harmoniously in the country, reformation to the immigration policies is a must. The flawed system is very much in need of a change. Many citizens demand address to this issue in the next president administration.
Pros and Cons of Being an Immigrant – Adam Wolfson Final Essay
At its heart, the risks, rewards, and challenges that come with immigration anywhere are those that come with any major change. That’s what immigration is, a fresh start in a new nation. It is also a huge gamble. In this essay I will examine what people hope to find in America, as well of some of the consequences they may encounter in doing so.
Why would anyone want to come here? America has plenty of problems. Well, one answer is that the rest of the world has its own problems too, and if theirs are worse than ours, then coming here might be a good idea. This answer isn’t particularly helpful. What problems are we talking about here? The problem is, what a prospective immigrant might hope to improve by moving depends on where they started. A facet of American life that one immigrant might see as a godsend might simply be the status quo for another from a different place.
Nonetheless, there are some reasons for coming to America that recur through history. A single person is unlikely to have all of these reasons, but it’s likely that they might have at least one. These reasons for coming are the manifestation of forces that drive entire waves of people across ocean to roll the dice on a new life in a new country.
Possibly the most common reason for immigration to America is money. This is the idea behind the concept of the American Dream: come to America to seek your fortune. However, this concept is more complex than the American Dream narrative implies. For starters, not everyone who emigrates here manages to ascend economically. Nor does everyone manage to secure a better life for their children. Does that mean that those people were wrong to immigrate? Not necessarily. The transition from being poor overseas to being poor in America can be an end in itself. America is a first world country with (usually) a functioning economy. While being forced to take exploitative jobs involving backbreaking labor just to afford food is horrible, at least those jobs and food exist. For some people, that can be a major improvement. This is one of the driving forces behind the wave of immigration (legal and illegal) from Mexico today. People aren’t coming to America because the jobs here are easier or pay more; they come come here because there are jobs, period.
Of course, there are other benefits to coming to a financially and politically successful country like America. Healthcare and education are two big reasons. Both American healthcare and the American educational system are widely regarded as being terrible, but that’s in America. American education has big problems, but it’s also free up to high school. That’s not the case everywhere, and could be very attractive to, say, a family trying to secure a better future for their children. Likewise, medical technology exists here that simply isn’t available elsewhere. Regardless of how difficult to afford it is, that could be a huge draw to someone with a dangerous illness, or their loved ones.
Some people, however, immigrate not because of what America has, but what it doesn’t. A significant portion of immigrants are refugees of some sort. The original Thirteen Colonies were built by people fleeing religious persecution, and America accepted a large portion of the Jews displaced by WWII. Violence and warfare have brought many people to America as well. Refuges from the Middle East and Central America fill that role today.
In summary, America has a good enough economic system that even if you’re very poor you’re unlikely to starve to death, has public services that at least exist, usually isn’t fighting a war on its own soil, and won’t persecute you for your religion. Those are good reasons to immigrate, but not unique to America. There are plenty of countries that have these qualifications, yet America has historically been one of the top destinations for immigration. This is, in part, because of its culture. America can be xenophobic and intolerant, but it considers immigration part of it’s culture in a way other countries don’t. Certainly, no other country has an equivalent to the American Dream. This difference can be seen in the way that many European countries have struggled to deal with the recent influx of immigrants from the Middle East culturally, despite ample goodwill.
Of course, immigration is not without its trial and tribulations. For every benefit America can potentially bestow upon the immigrant, it can and will extract its pound of flesh. Happily for the student of immigration, however, the human costs of immigration have been far more consistent across time and space than its rewards.
To start off with, the majority of immigrants are poor. So, on top of other indignities that result from their immigrant status, they have to deal with those that come with poverty. In fact, many of the hurdles that immigrants face have economic origins. Arriving immigrants typically lacked housing and employment, and lack the money and education to shop around.
Immigrant housing has always been terrible. When a lot of people need to live somewhere and can’t pay for very much, it provides a strong economic motive for someone to take advantage by offering really, really terrible cheap housing. After all, it’s not like they can afford to live elsewhere. The most spectacular examples` of this activity were the lower East side tenement complexes. These were built with a design philosophy similar to that used in factory farms: fit as many living sources of revenue into as small a space as possible. They were eventually made illegal, but similar practices still exist, such as a landlord refusing to pay for maintenance because he know his tenants can’t afford to live anywhere better.
Abuses by employers follow the same basic logic. Immigrants, who usually lack the skills or connections to find a good job, are called upon to do the jobs that are too difficult, dangerous, or unpleasant for anyone else. Currently, this mostly consists of agricultural work and domestic services like cleaning. Before America’s economy became service based, these jobs would mostly involve work on assembly lines.
Not all difficulties immigrants face are economic. One of the oldest and biggest is racism. It seems on the surface like racism ought to be relatively new for immigrants, since the vast majority of immigrants used to be white Europeans. Surely they must have been welcomed with open arms? While this line of thought makes sense, it misses the fact that the concept of ‘white’ as an ethnic identity only goes back as far as the Second World War, when most of Western civilisation was forced to work together against a common enemy. Before that, Irish, Italian, French, etc. were considered different races, no less different from each other than we would consider blacks, whites, hispanics, asians, etc. to be today. There was huge amounts of discrimination between these European ‘races’ prior to WWII.
Finally, one of the biggest trials immigrants have to face is culture shock. Changing between cultures means giving up things normally taken for granted. It means giving up the ability to communicate with all but a minority of the people around you. It means losing the unconscious understanding of cultural norms by which we judge others. It means becoming an outsider. Some of these can be overcome by circumstance or time, but they are still a huge part of the immigrant experience.
Of course, the process of immigration continues to change. On the positive side, as hyphenated identities become more accepted and technology continues to shrink the world, the various Old Countries of the world seem less and less far away. On the other hand, the risk of deportation is higher than it’s ever been. Nonetheless, there are some things about immigration that I doubt will ever change. At its heart, imigration, like any change, is about exchanging the familiar for something unknown, hoping to get the better end of the deal. Sometimes it works out and sometimes it doesn’t. But that’s life, in any country.
