Macaulay Honors College Seminar 4 | Professor Robin Rogers

Author: anishalall

Chapters 11 and 12

Despite the Fair Housing Act being passed, housing discrimination is still frequent today in the United States. The act was passed to promote equality of all groups when renting or buying a home, yet minority groups are still being discriminated against in subtle ways. Redlining, the refusal of financial help such as loans based on race or ethnicity, is often used in the sense that people of color tend to receive higher down payments for homes regardless of their economic standing. This makes it even harder for minority groups to purchase or rent homes since they tend to be paid less and have a harder time finding jobs. Research provided by the CQ Researcher also demonstrated that white clients who were looking to buy or rent a home were shown “safe” neighborhoods, while minority groups were often shown to less safe areas with high crimes. If this is true for most cases, then certain neighborhoods would be predominantly one race or ethnicity, indicating a possible underlying form of segregation existing in the housing system. Thus, fueling the inequality that exists in America. While it’s hard to combat a system filled with different mentalities, a plausible solution as to how to decrease discrimination is through education. If people are educated, especially at a young age, about the social injustices that exist in our country, there can be an understanding about what they can do to change a system built to keep some people winning and majority losing.

Moreover, chapter 12 touched on increasing the minimum wage and similar to every issue that comes up, it comes with opposition and support. While a rise in the minimum wage might lead to slight inflation and an increased cost in expenditures on business owners, the overall benefits would outweigh this. In exchange, more people will have more money in their pockets for spending both on their necessities as well as luxuries, making life easier for more families. 

Chapter 10

The United States is often seen as one of the wealthiest nations in the world today and while this might be true, the question of where most of this wealth resides comes into play. Most of the nation’s wealth goes towards the wealthiest 1%-5% people and the same can be said at the global level (the wealthiest people take home close to fifty percent of the global wealth). With people dying of starvation, homelessness and lack of healthcare and seeing the statistics, an obvious assumption is that there is not an equalized distribution of wealth or a fair one at least. A simple solution would be to increase taxes on the wealthy to either distribute to the lower income levels or increase funding for services for the nation such as free education and healthcare. While this is a logically moral action to take, the capitalist society we live in deems it as “liberal” and “socialist,” which often equates “we’re taking all your hard-earned money and giving it to other people” to the ears of many Americans.

Even though more money will be taken from the individuals who are better- off, that money will then be given to people who probably need the extra money more. In addition, consumers are the ones who fuel the economy, not the rich: businesses won’t thrive if the average consumer can’t afford to purchase it. If a majority of people can afford to buy items and services, businesses will be able to continue to produce and then people will be able to buy more, causing an economic stimulus. This doesn’t mean to give everyone the same amount of money; it just means that everyone should have a right to live and survive comfortably.

Chapters 9 and 11

When I was younger, I remember being asked, “What are the basic necessities of life?” To which I responded with, “Food, water, clothes and shelter.” Chapter 9 in the CQ Researcher touched on the last factor listed, emphasizing its great necessity and complexity– homelessness.

When they hear the word “homelessness,” people often think of someone who is unemployed and fail to realize the group of people who fall underneath the homeless umbrella encompasses a much larger, diverse population (example: those suffering with mental illnesses; didn’t have the resources to go forward with their education or were prone to drug usage).  To the surprise of many, individuals who are considered homeless can also be underemployed. In other words, someone can have a job, but because they are not paid enough, they can not afford a roof over their heads. This is because rent is so expensive in New York City and with elements such as gentrification coming into play, the problem is seen to be growing. Families are being put out of their homes and displaced since they can no longer afford rent and if the cost of rent continues to rise, families barely making ends meet will face an even greater struggle. They will have a hard time affording food and healthcare, which are also needed to survive.

Homelessness is a prevalent issue in New York City and because of how it’s shown through the stereotypical personas in media, the idea of it is often misconceived. Those who are underemployed, have mental illnesses and couldn’t go far in their formal education because of structural discrimination are often unaccounted for when people think of homeless individuals. People should not have to worry about where they would be able to sleep or if they’ll be able to have their next family dinner at their dining table or in the streets.

Chapter 8 Response

To many, the United States represents a place where equality and freedom are engraved in its foundation. However, despite the supposed end to segregation and discrimination, inequality still persists in our streets, institutions and everyday lives. This week’s reading of the CQ Researcher was a continuation of last week’s in that it spoke to the discrepancies in statistics regarding African Americans, Caucasians and Hispanics.

According to the reading, the mean net worth of a white household is said to make 13 times more than that of a black household. To hear about the economic injustices is one thing, but to see the data to back it up and the huge margin between the two groups is astonishing. How is it that in the land of opportunity and prosperity this drastic difference occurs? With the data the CQ Researcher provides, many see these disparities as a result of institutionalized racism existing in most, if not all, areas of life. In Urban Issues, researched showed that 7% of black 12th graders were proficient in math compared to 29% of white students and 16% of black 12th graders were proficient in reading compared to 47% of white students. With times growing tougher and a high school diploma not meaning much nowadays, the lack of an adequate education creates hurdles for anyone trying to get to the top or simply trying to find a job. With the inequalities taking its toll at such crucial ages of learning combined with mass incarceration, killings and a lack of role models in their areas, it becomes hard to stop the cycle of racism and often poverty.

The ideas touched on in Urban Issues illuminated on the constant struggles African Americans and other minority groups face in the United States whether it be through law enforcement, the education system or in the workforce. While there is no easy, single and direct solution to this problem, a plausible fix can start with equal opportunity to a quality, well-rounded education. A good education leads to awareness that can be used to detect and combat corruption and injustices which can then be used to improve the greater society.

Fighting Gangs

This week’s reading of the CQ Researcher addressed the growing issue of gangs in the nation. According to the reading, gangs are becoming more sophisticated and are becoming hard to detect because they are no longer fitting the stereotypical image of a gang member. In other words, most have strayed from getting tattoos and wearing clothing that symbolizes the gang they belong to. As pointed out by the information provided by the CQ Researcher, a possible main reason for this change is to enable gang members to stay under the radar from government officials and avoid getting caught. However, this does not change the effect gangs have on communities as well as on the lives of the people in them.

A plausible solution to the problem is the idea of injunctions. While I do think the intervention of past gang members is effective, I don’t think it is the only solution as it does have flaws of its own. In order to fully understand how to solve the dilemma, we also have to look at why are gangs such an appeal? The reading touched on the reason being that many turn to gangs as a way of obtaining the respect and resources they can’t usually get. The issue then becomes how can we help these communities find a sense of belonging and comfort without turning to a gang? The growth of gangs can not simply be looked at the surface level and a constant questioning of why things are the way they are needs to be done if a bigger picture is to be drawn.

Chapter 6 Response

With the rise of the “Black Lives Matter” movement in high gear, the concept of racial profiling is called into question. According to the CQ Researcher, African Americans and Hispanics are disproportionately much more likely to be stopped than whites. An example given was by a study conducted in Maryland that found 72% of those stopped by police were African Americans. To see such statistics that back up what I had previously been taught in classes as well as what I have heard from the experiences of others, was truly difficult to grasp. Race is a socially constructed entity so to have based a lineage of criminality on it is a notion I cannot seem to make full sense of.

Racial profiling is very commonly referred to in the context of stop-and-frisks. When asked about the topic, MacDonald stated that the implementation of stop-and-frisk policies led to a decline in crime during the 1990s. She claims that because of this, minority groups benefit and it helps to create a safer environment for low-income areas. However, I have a couple areas of concerns regarding this. The first being there is the possibility that increasing enforcement in these areas can create tension between the residents and law officials. The second being while I do think there is a certain level of law enforcement and policing needed in crime-prone areas, I do also believe there are greater problems that also need some looking into. It’s important to look at why heavier policing is seen as being needed, what does that say and what can be done to fix any potential issues?

Defining the Label

“I came out when I was 18. I had internal homophobia, but it’s something I wasn’t really comfortable talking about a few years ago. I’d often cry since it was so hard to talk about. It’s all these factors: society, culture, and people who have said homophobic things that have played into me having it. But I’ve become so much more comfortable, not with the idea of internalized homophobia, but the fact that it’s part of my identity and it’s who I was and that’s okay. I think one of the reasons I had internalized homophobia was because I grew up in Guyana and it’s a very heterosexual society. Heterosexuality, like in any other place, is idealized and romanticized in different ways and I felt like I had to be that. Society taught me to hate gay people and homosexuality in general. Society shaped my perception of homosexuality and I don’t want to blame everything on society, but it does play a factor in me suppressing all of that and I can’t ignore it. At first when I came to the United States, I thought I was comfortable to come out but I still waited 4 years. I wouldn’t say I’ve gone through a lot because I’ve had friends that have gone through way more. The hardest part of coming out was realizing that if I came out, I might lose certain people who meant a lot to me and I value relationships, so it was really hard and made me wonder if this was something I wanted to do. It taught me what unconditional love really was. To be able to come out as something society doesn’t really idealize and still know that people will have your back. It took a long time to get here, but I’m here. I’ve learned don’t let the label define you, you define the label.”

 

Chapter 4 Response Paper- Anisha Lall

This week’s reading in the CQ Researcher touched on a problem plaguing the science community and the entire world: air pollution and climate change. In the analysis of statistics and several viewpoints provided by the CQ Researcher, the complexity regarding solving the issues are illuminated upon and dissected. On one hand, there is the claim that the implementation of the Clean Power Plan under the Obama administration can cause economic distress on the United States. More specifically, enforcing such regulation is claimed by companies that there will be a job shortage in their fields and it will be too costly. However, proponents of the plan state that the execution of these policies hopes to decrease in CO2 emissions by 32% in 2030. Considering the health risks such as asthma and premature deaths CO2 can pose, this plan seems like it can help lessen the negative effects excessive CO2 has on the health of people.

However, the possibility of saving many lives didn’t seem appealing enough for people like Jeff Holmstead who made the assertion that while companies are concerned about greenhouse gas emissions, the Clean Power Plan is unlawful. His comment was backed by commentary from people such as Mike Pence who declared Obama’s plan ignored “ the separation of powers enshrined in our nation’s Constitution.” Ironically enough, in the short time the Trump Administration has taken office, a series of executive orders have been passed that can possibly threaten the already fragile environmental state of the United States. As with many other policies up for debate in this country, the issue of climate change has reached a point where we must all decide whether the next dollar for companies will be sacrificed for the greater well-being of the general public.

Video Response- Anisha Lall

Both the interviews with Brandon Stanton and the IIT Institute of Design touched on the importance of the subject and emphasized on telling their stories to the greatest accuracy possible.  In the beginning of Stanton’s interview, he placed a particular stress on the individual and the need to separate their personal stories from a grander over-arching theme. Personalization of stories are what make them unique and their independence from the larger society keep their individual meanings alive. However, while he doesn’t do so himself, it’s very difficult to ignore the context of the story and acknowledge its relevance to the rest of society. As the concept of the “social imagination” explains, society influences the individual and the individual contributes to society. After all, its individual people who make up a society and their differences are what construct the grounds for the tugs and pulls of a population. This begs the question of how does one tell the tale of a single person while taking into account the context to which it exists, but still treating it independent of it?

Moreover, Stanton mentions the need to get down to the realistic stories of his subjects rather than their “pre-constructed answers.” While I do understand the necessity of doing so especially when your work is renowned, but doesn’t that counteract placing control in the hands of the individual? If you want to take the person’s responses at face value, doesn’t it require some level of subjectivity to dictate whether they’re saying what they are in order to get more recognition and likes or if they actually do mean it? And so, wouldn’t that in some way be indirectly connecting someone’s response to a subjectively universal understanding of society and the people in it? To possibly counter some of that subjectivity, one can turn to ethnographic work such as participant observation as touched on by the IIT interview.

In addition, I found the part about letting the subject choose the place to be interviewed because it can say a lot about what and where they find comfort. This is something that has never crossed my mind, but is very relevant to any subject matter because as stated in the video, the more your subject is comfortable with you, the information you can get.