Dr. Edyta Greer, Macaulay Honors College, Fall 2017

Author: Katherine Chemas

Final Reflection

Going into this course I did not have many expectations. My favorite part of the course was all the random science facts that Dr. Greer taught us. I think in a traditional sense you aren’t taught much of the exciting parts of science, however I think that Dr. Greer did the opposite. My favorite parts of the course were the PMOOP presentations, as I loved learning of the different natural remedies used in medicine, and also the two labs we did which highlighted how easy it is to make things at home. This captures the true essence of science, where we all consider ourselves to be scientists. My least favorite part of the course was BioBlitz. The actual outing was a fun experience, however, I feel as though it was irrelevant in our course which focused on healthcare. We received too much data from the outing and it was unorganized and hard to understand. However, I would prefer this outing be irrelevant than to focus on it for our final projects as other classes did, seeing as how our projects were substantially more interesting. Also, I loved working with the Makerhub and it was overall a positive working experience. Sharing our work at the STEAM festival was rewarding and I found it to be very easy to summarize after having done it multiple times in the classroom.

Blog Entry 2 – Labs

In highschool I was never a big fan of labs because I did not find them clear. We would always rush through the experiment and then take it home to finish the rest and come up with a report. When I got to college, however, I found that the huge amount of class time dedicated to the labs is a huge help in understanding the lab. I have had many assignments that are made so much clearer after learning about it in lecture or reading about it in my textbook after conducting an experiment that demonstrates it in lab. This, in my opinion, is the purpose of these labs. By having hands on activities not only are we more confident in our abilities as scientists but we are more likely to remember what we are learning. Furthermore, you can apply this same justification for having “labs” in other classes. In a history class you are more likely to remember what happened if you were to act out a historic event. Even if we do know what our results should be, by comparing with neighboring groups you can analyze where you went wrong or what causes differences in results. Each experiment will be a bit different every time it is performed. Then, when you go home and write a lab report (instead of learning for the first time–which is what I did in high school), I am able to just sum up the results of the experiment and refresh my memory. The reason you have to use different language in a science report is that you have to make everything as clear as possible, and ideally your experiment should be reproducible by another scientist just from looking at your report. This may lead to confusion if certain terminology or cultural phrases were included in the report.

Annotated Bibliography

Peer Reviewed

 

 

Zylberberg Claudia, Sandro Matosevic. 2016. “Pharmaceutical liposomal drug delivery: a review of new delivery systems and a look at the regulatory landscape” Drug Delivery Vo 23, Issue 9 (May 05): http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10717544.2016.1177136  

This article is originally posted online on Taylor and Francis Online onto a journal specializing in drug delivery work. It is written by Claudia Zylberberg and Sandro Matosevic. Zylberberg is founder and CEO of Akron Biotechnology, and innovative business that researches cell and gene therapy. Matosevic is one of the lead scientists hired in her impressive startup. The authors discuss liposomal drug delivery systems, it’s disadvantages, and alternatives with better results. In our project I would focus on the articles discussion on pharmacosomes, which is a small portion on page 3323, although it focus only on in vitro studies.

 

 

Pandita Archana, Pooja Sharma. 2013. “Pharmacosomes: An Emerging Novel Vesicular Drug Delivery System for Poorly Soluble Synthetic and Herbal Drugs” International Scholarly Research Notices Vo 2013 (August 01): http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/348186

This is posted on the International Scholarly Research Notices, a peer reviewed open access journal. It is funded by the Nanomedical Research Centre, College of Pharmacy in India. The article focuses on pharmacosomes and their potential as a novel drug delivery system. We can use this article in defining the need for this innovation and explaining the advantages in studying pharmacosomes. It also specifies applications of pharmacosomes in a simple, bulleted format, which makes it accessible and easy to understand.

Popular Source

 

 

  1. “Drug Delivery Systems: Getting Drugs to Their Targets in a Controlled Manner” U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (October).

This article is posted by the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) so the bulk of the information is based on current research being done by NIBIB scientists. The article answers four questions: What are drug delivery systems? How are drug delivery systems used in current medical practice? What technologies are NIBIB-funded researchers developing for drug delivery? What are some important areas for future research in drug delivery systems? This article helped me understand basic definitions of drugs delivery systems and their relation in helping treat targeted cells, especially in the case of cancer.

Cinchona Officinalis

Cinchona officinalis is commonly referred to as Peruvian Bark Tree and is one of several plants of the Cinchona genus that contain the alkaline compound quinine. An alkaloid is a chemical compound that occurs naturally in plants, predicted to be a waste product of its metabolic pathways. Cinchona officinalis is a native tree found in the equatorial Andes region. Quinine is an effective cure for malaria. Malaria is a disease caused by a parasite, transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes. The microorganism that causes malaria is called a protist. Because of its curative effects, it is now found throughout the tropics and large plantations in Africa and is cultivated commercially.

The first time that the tree was introduced to Europe was in 1640. According to the New York Botanical Garden website, “Carl Linnæus denominated the tree Cinchona after Ana de Osorio, the wife of the fourth Count of Chinchón, Luis Fernández, the Spanish Viceroy of Peru.” The countess was cured from a terrible fever with this plant. She then brought it back to Europe to spread its use among her people. This is just one of the many stories about the origin of the name. Another count is that the plant was originally called quinquina, meaning bark of bark in the Quechua language. The indigenous name is not completely lost, as we still refer to the curative property (antimalarial agent) as quinine.

The part of the tree that is used for medicinal properties is the bark. It is stripped, dried, and ground into a powder. The same tree is re-harvested several times for its bark before it is eventually cut down. The quinine was isolated in 1820s, and because of this synthetic quinine began to be produced in the 1940s. However, some strains of malaria have become resistant to this synthetic substance, so the organic compound is more effective against the protist.

According to WebMD, “Some of the chemicals in cinchona can slow the heart, cause constipation, and affect the central nervous system. ” The regular dosage for adult malaria is 648 mg pill taken orally every 8 hours for 7 days. Because this is such a strong compound, “U.S. drug regulations require products containing cinchona to include labeling that states, “Discontinue use if ringing in the ears, deafness, skin rash or visual disturbances occur.””

Presentation

Physical Therapist To Go

Are you tired of having chronic pains?

 

Does anybody really have time to go to physical therapy?

 

Do you have space in your tiny NYC apartment for stretching equipment?

 

You probably need some physical therapy in your life, and my idea is to create a mat/ball/something kind of instrument that is customized to your needs (has workout options and has the ability to learn from what works for you and what does not) in order to achieve light exercise activities in the comfort of your home, with the accessibility to fold it up and store it in a tight space.

The New Mystery

My first reaction while reading through the article was that it is difficult to follow. First of all, this is a topic that is heavily based on scientific terminology. For example, the doctors who are part of the study are quoted often, and they reference things I can’t understand. One example of this is, “may dilate the cervix but not result in expulsion of the conceptus raises the possibility of their use prior to curettage,” where there is a multitude of terms that I would need defined. Clearly this is intended for a specific audience with a background in health and chemistry. There are even pictures of molecular compounds included, which would be great for a scientist who is researching this topic. Comparing this to the purposes of the New York Times articles written today, I would say even health and science articles are intended for more general audiences in modern day.

Not only are the words in the article difficult to follow, but there is just too much information. In only eight pages the authors talk about prostaglandins in induced labor, as contraceptives, and in relation to hypertension; just to name a couple of things. Although it is all referring to prostaglandins, this is too large a topic to cover in one article. That is like writing an article about the circulatory system, but not specifying one area. I think I would actually enjoy reading more in depth about one of the topics covered rather than read superficially about all these topics.

Another thing I would critique about this article is that it is clearly written in the preliminary stages of research in this topic. A lot of the studies mentioned are empirically based or little is yet known, which makes me question the validity of the article. If I am reading a lengthy article from the New York Times, I want to make sure that it is solid information. However, if this is in fact the most up to date research, then it is worth sharing with the public.

Paraphrase Exercise

Health care providers sometimes write emergency action plans that conflict with their current school district and the American Academy of Asthma, Allergy and Immunology guidelines. This creates a challenge for school nurses and an increased risk of anaphylaxis for the patient. Recent studies raise concerns of undertreatment of severe reactions with epinephrine (Boyce et al., 2010; Carlisle et al., 2010; Fleischer et al., 2012; Nowak-Wegrzyn, 2012b). School nurses must find a middle ground between health care providers and parents.

A Single Mindfulness Exercise Could Help Reduce Alcohol Cravings

Huffington Post Article

Rapaport, Lisa. 2017. “A Single Mindfulness Exercise Could Help Reduce Alcohol Cravings.” The Huffington Post (September 01). Accessed September 03, 2017.

International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology Article

Kamboj, Sunjeev K.,  Damla Irez., Shirley Serfaty., Emily Thomas., et al. 2017.“Ultra-Brief Mindfulness Training Reduces Alcohol Consumption in At-Risk Drinkers: A Randomized Double-Blind Active-Controlled Experiment.” International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology (August 02): 10.1093/ijnp/pyx064.