Putnam clearly demonstrates both the short-term and long-term effects of immigration in relation to several broad factors: public health, trust, economic well-being, and perceptions of quality of life. Putnam frames E Pluribus Unu in the context of the global phenomenon of ethnic diversification. Almost every country in the world is experiencing an increase in the diversity of its populace. Much of this is spurred by an increase in immigration made possible by more accepting cultures, and the advent of quicker and cheaper modes of long distance transportation. Putnam recognizes that immigration does not always necessarily mean increased diversity, but he asserts that they are closely correlated in most cases.
By referencing multiple studies, Putnam provides a plethora of evidence suggesting that the initial effects of immigration and diversification within a community are not positive. Residents in diverse areas are less likely to take part in local politics, trust neighbors or the local news, participate in volunteering efforts, give to charity, have a large group of friends, and have a good perception of their quality of life. Putnam argues that residents in such communities tend to “close” themselves to the outside world and spend more times in doors, alone, and watching television. This reaction to diversification can be traced throughout history to a very common psychological concept; Those who have a great deal of interaction with “outsiders”, are more likely to trust them. For example, when the American Army was segregated, soldiers who had spent time living and working alongside black soldiers were more open to the idea of military integration than those who had not. This has important implications for contemporary society. Modern public schools try to place an emphasis on maintaining racially and socio-economically diverse student bodies. This has been shown to encourage in class learning and awareness and respect of other cultures.
Such findings are certainly salient political issues in American society. Competitive universities, both public and private, are known for “sculpting their classes” to be as diverse as possible. Although they are not allowed to have a “race quota”, they are currently allowed to use race as one deciding factor in college admissions. This concept has been challenged in the judicial system and a case pertaining to this method of college selection is currently being tried in the Supreme Court. Putnam would most likely keep the process as it currently stands. He states that, “In the long run immigration and diversity are likely to have important cultural, economic, fiscal, and developmental benefits”. Although there are certainly considerable growing-pains, the lasting effects of immigration and diversity in all areas of society, greatly outweigh the initial problems they cause.
-Victor Rerick
